Saturday, August 31, 2019

Roman Empire and Nero

Explain the role and contribution of Seneca to the reign of Nero Seneca was the personal advisor of Nero during his reign. He was a stoic philosopher who played a vital role in the running of the empire. Seneca contributed in many aspects of Nero’s reign by introducing reforms, bringing stoicism into practice and playing a key role in the senate. Seneca aided in important decision-making. He led Nero down an appropriate path, particularly when Nero became extremely erratic. He served Nero well and made an excellent contribution during his reign.Seneca understood the problems of Rome so he was able to introduce reforms, which benefited the people. He made conditions for slaves more humane, introduced fiscal reform and introduced a more enlightened administration in Britain. This positively contributed to the empire as he had the happiness of the people in his best interest. By introducing reforms that pleased the people he gained popularity for both himself and Nero. This was b eneficial for Nero as the people of the empire could look back on Nero’s reign years later and reflect on the good decisions and excellent reforms that had taken place during the period.Tacitus says â€Å"Nothing in human affairs is more unstable and precarious than power unsupported by its own strength. † This quote by Tacitus shows us just how great the impact of Seneca was. It is telling us that without Seneca, Nero may have had the power, but had no support to advice him to make the correct decisions. Seneca was the strength to Nero’s power. Seneca composed Nero’s first speech to the senate. This speech offered additional power to the senate and shows that Seneca was contributing to the reign of Nero right from the very start.The speech also promised to return to what life had been like under Augustus. Of course, the empire was considered a Republic during the Augustan period and the people cherished this time. Seneca and Nero were looked upon favoura bly when they promised to return to a time of happiness. Therefore Seneca helped encourage an excellent start to the reign of Nero. Stoicism influenced the writing of Seneca for Nero as he wrote â€Å"on clemency† which encouraged Nero to rule leniently. Stoicism is particularly shown as he writes â€Å"†¦worthy to do the ork of the gods upon the earth† It is known that the Roman’s were very religious, so to do the work of the gods would be seen as ethically and morally right to Seneca. These traits are one of the beliefs of Stoicism, reflecting his influence. This contributed to Nero’s reign as it meant that Nero came across as a self-controlled, morally right stoic man who would run the empire leniently and satisfy the people of Rome. Satisfied Romans meant that they would continue to give their support to Nero during his reign. Seneca worked efficiently with the senate allowing Nero to remain popular within the senate.A key role that Seneca played was to ensure that the Neronian government had good relations with the senate. He did this very effectively. This was an excellent contribution to his reign as it allowed Nero to remain popular within the senate, as well as with the people. Remaining popular among Rome meant that he had the support of its people and could continue to rule effectively with Seneca by his side. Seneca’s influence was particularly shown as he wrote the speech Nero gave where he declared his administration for the senate and his desire that they resume their ancient function.Seneca’s successful speeches helped contribute to the healthy relationship between Nero and the senate as he told them what they wanted to hear. He also issues coins, which were a further indicator of the good relations between Nero and the senate. Credit for this successful relationship must go to Seneca who put the words into Nero’s mouth and was able to satisfy the senate by giving them what they wanted. A co operating senate meant that the empire was able to run much better during Nero’s reign.Further on in Nero’s reign, Seneca began to see a change. He grew more erratic and extreme. From here it became the role of Seneca to curb his enthusiasm. Tacitus describes this job as â€Å"To direct his deviations from virtue into licensed channels of indulgence. † The shows that Seneca fulfilled his job by avoiding activities that would result in scandal. Nero’s frustration grew out of many of his liberal ideas failing and it was the role of Seneca to alert Nero about his policies if they were ineffective or bad policy.Although Seneca was unable to change the personality of Nero and his behaviour, he was able to contribute to the outcome of his actions. Seneca benefited the empire by avoiding decisions, which would consequence in revealing Nero’s awful erratic side. This benefited the empire in that Nero was still able to be favoured as the Romans did not see the worst of his erratic and extreme personality, as well as stopping Nero from making rash decisions that would not help his reign by informing him when policies or ideas were not recommended.Seneca’s contribution was beneficial for all aspects of Nero’s reign. He was able to advise Nero on important decision-making and was able to put a stop to Nero introducing policies and ideas that would not benefit his reign. Seneca provided a voice for Nero and was able to tell the Roman people wanted to hear and in turn earned their support. Seneca’s introduction of new policies and creating of stoicism contributed further to increasing the success of the empire, as well as the success of Nero.Seneca provided the strength to Nero’s power and without his contribution the reign of Nero would not have been as delightful. Seneca was able to make people dream of a â€Å"Republic† which further forced their support onto Nero. He also played a role in creating and maintaining a healthy relationship with the senate so that through Nero’s reign they were able to run the empire in collaboration. The role and contribution of Seneca was vital to the success of Nero, he acted as an excellent advisor to the emperor, particularly through giving a stoic voice to Nero.

Friday, August 30, 2019

Hero’s in Greek Literature Essay

In modern times the word hero can be used to describe many different people. For example, a scientist that develops a cure for AIDs would be thought of to be heroic. Or perhaps one might deem teachers heroic for shaping the youth of tomorrow. Although these jobs are noble, they would not be deemed heroic by the Greeks. Today’s definition of a hero is comparatively broad to that of which the Greek’s would have considered the term of hero to describe. More accurately, a hero is someone who puts themselves in a position of death in order to obtain a morally just cause. This idea of self sacrifice is what makes a hero. In Greek literature, especially in poetry, there are several examples of heroes and heroines. I will specifically discuss Achilles of Homer’s Iliad, as well as Antigone in Sophocles Antigone, and why their character is of heroic stature. In early Greek literature, such as Homer’s Iliad, a hero was more parallel to the concept of a warrior. In book I of The Iliad, Achilles is not just portrayed as a warrior, but is in fact introduced as â€Å"godlike† (Homer, 107). Achilles is an exemplum of one of the defining characteristics of epic poems in that he possesses godlike qualities, such as superhuman strength. In epic poems, the intervention and presence of the Greek gods is a persisting trait. Achilles is born of both mortal and immortal persons, his father a militant mortal Peleus and his mother the sea nymph Thetis. Due to these qualities and over the course of the poem, Achilles proves himself to be the most capable warrior of all. Moreover, Achilles also proves himself a hero by surmising to the idea of self sacrifice. It has always been known that if Achilles kills Hector during the Greek and Trojan War, he will at some point be put to death by the gods. As described in book IX, â€Å"My mother Thetis, a moving silver grace, tells me two fates sweep me on my death. If I stay here and fight, I’ll never return home, but my glory will be undying forever. If I return home†¦ my glory is lost but my life will be long,† (Homer, 141). Therefore Achilles does have the option of going home and living a long life. However, it is the death of Patroclus, Achilles best friend, that sways him to fight even though a sure death will come. This choice is namely why Achilles is a hero. Another central theme to a Greek hero is that he is unable to be destroyed by any other man and therefore a central theme of self- destructiveness exists (Whitman).

Thursday, August 29, 2019

Administration and Politics Dichotomy

Woodrow Wilson’s essay, â€Å"The Study of Administration† (1887), is about the separation of politics and administration in public administration. There is still a lot of debating among politicians and scholars alike whether this dichotomy is practical or not. There are some advantages and disadvantages about this theory. Wilson believed that it was needed to discover what the government could successfully do and how it could be done more efficiently; that the government needed to be reformed. He developed this theory because of increased corruption, urbanization and immigration.Due to these issues, he believed that less qualified people were getting public service jobs, therefore contributing to the increasing inefficiency of public administration. Wilson felt that politics should determine what the government should actually do and be decided by elected representatives. He believed administration should be the ones to put these policies into effect by appointed civil servants. In a euphoric world a political administration dichotomy would provide a solid foundation to a nation. It could even be beneficial in a society that is evolving; such as Administration and Politics Dichotomy 2 ne coming out of a third world status, the fall of a dictatorship, or even the overthrow of communism or socialism. This form of government can work well at a small town environment where there is a town manager to run the day to day operations of the community and a board of alderman (possibly also known as town council) that creates the laws the community operates under. That being said, it is my opinion that in today’s United States of America, separating politics and administration is not something that can be done successfully.Throughout the years politics has become more complicated, which means the line etween them has become very blurry. All levels of the government have come to rely on each other more and more. For example, every day new policies and laws are made or amended, and that means more people on more levels need to be consulted. Life is ever- changing, and so are all of the policies. The major advantage of implementing political administration dichotomy is politicians and administrators would be operating of the same philosophy of doing the right thing and not off of doing what each political party says. It could provide rationale Administration and Politics Dichotomy 3 or insulating the practice of public administration from political interference. A disadvantage of implementing a political administration dichotomy at the national level in a modern industrial nation that was previously run by a democratic government, such as the United States of America, would require having an exclusive relationship between the politicians who create political policies and the public administrators who oversee the administrative processes. This would remove the check and balance system established in the United States Constitution. These checks and balances have become the foundation of law in this country.Wilson’s public administration dichotomy theory would make the governmental life so much simpler. Unfortunately, the world and the people in it are anything but simple. To believe that we could have one group of people make up the policies, and another to put those in to action without those people relying on each other’s opinions and knowledge is absurd. The idea is so simple, but implementing it would be so complicated. The debate about the practicality of this dichotomy had been going on since it was written in 1887, and will probably still Administration and Politics Dichotomy

Wednesday, August 28, 2019

Medical Interview GA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Medical Interview GA - Assignment Example P. Andrew told that "the germs contaminating hospital environment affects the hospitalized patients and cause Noscomial infections. It is very critical situation, which occur due to the poor sanitary practices and management of medical and paramedical staff within the hospitals, nursing homes or clinics during therapy of the patients† (4). ETIOLOGY: There are many types of Nosocomial infections. Some important are including Urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, Respiratory tract infections, Blood stream infections, Skin infections, gastrointestinal tract infections and Central nervous system infections (3). The common pathogenic agents of nosocomial infections include pathogenic and commensal bacteria of normal flora, Viruses of Hepatitis B and C, respiratory Synctial Virus, rotaviruses and enteroviruses , fungi and other opportunistic organisms which are Candida albicans, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cryptosporidium (2). PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE: Nosocomial infections prevail widely all over the world. It is the major cause of death in hospitalized patients (2). Only in the United States, there were 2,000,000 cases of nosocomial infections has reported annually (3). PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: Nosocomial infections come from endogenous or exogenous sources. Endogenous sources include body sites inhabited by microorganisms such as naso-pharynx, Gastro-intestinal or genitor-urinary tracts. Exogenous sources include those visitors, medical personnel, equipment and the healthcare environment (1). PROGNOSIS: In United States annual reported cases of nosocomial infections are about 2,000,000. The annual death rate among these reported cases is 20,000 patients while rest of the nosocomial infections cases found curable (3). TREATMENT: For the symptomatic nosocomial infections, treatment of shock, hypoventilation, and other complications should be provided along with the administration of empiric broad-spectrum antimicrobial, antifungal and

Tuesday, August 27, 2019

Car Statisics Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Car Statisics - Research Proposal Example Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir was the first man to successfully build a two-stroke gas driven engine. He built a gas-driven-engine vehicle in 1862 which ran at a speed of 3 km per hour, which became highly popular and the type of which were frequently seen on the roads by 1865. Gottileb Damlier and Nicolas Otto worked together on the mission of devising a four stroke engine till they separated. Damlier then individually went on to create engines which could be used for cars as well as four-wheel horseless carriages. Several experiments continued all over the United States as Henry Ford started his experiment on a horseless carriage in 1860. He was successful in producing his first car which was a 'Quadricycle' in the year 1896, which was a gasoline engine powered by two cylinders. This marked the launch of the Ford Motor Company in the year 1903 following which he propelled his vehicle 'Model T Ford' to great heights of fame. He ceaselessly continued with his experiments and subsequently witnessed the production of the same model on the lines of 'moving assembly' thus was highly instrumental in the modern day mass production techniques of the current car companies. Did you know that the world's cheapest car the Tata Nano, only costs only 100,000 rupees or $2,500 (1,277) and is designed and manufactured in India by the automobile company Tata Motors The car is specifically designed as a "safe, affordable, all weather form of transport" for family use in India, the inspiration of which came to Ratan Tata from the observation of "families riding on two-wheelers - the father driving the scooter, his young kid standing in front of him, his wife seated behind him holding a little baby.". The four-door car is a five seater, 3.1m long, 1.5m wide and 1.6m high, has a 33bhp, 624cc engine at the rear and will go on sale later this year. The car does not have a power steering or electric windows but will offer the same in two deluxe models. It has no air conditioning, no electric windows and no power steering, but two deluxe models will be on offer. The Indian company Tata Motors will manufacture approximately 250,000 Nanos, popularly termed as the "Peopl e's car", and expects an annual demand of one million cars in India's domestic car market which is predicted to soar, gauging the country's fast growing economy and rapidly escalating consumer wealth and the expectation that Indian car sales are going to more than quadruple to $ 145 billion by the year 2016. Article 3 The worlds most expensive cars 1. Bugatti Veyron Did you know that the Bugatti Veyron, with a price of $1,192,057 or 1,000,000 is not only the world's most

Economics of war Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economics of war - Research Paper Example The causes of war have been different over the years and so have been their consequences. While come believe that wars are wrong no matter why they are caused and what is gained out of them; others believe that all’s well that ends well. But wars have never ended in good only. When it has resulted in a power fight and one nation seems to have won it, it has also lost the blood of many of its dedicated soldiers and other innocent nationals of its area. These days, almost every nation is equipped with nuclear weaponry making wars more deadly than ever. The first nuclear attack in the world was on Nagasaki and Hiroshima at the time of the end of World War 1. It marked the end of these cities and the civilizations that nurtured there. With the years going by, nuclear weaponry has only improved, thereby, indicating that now if one nation decided to blow up another using its nuclear power, it most likely to destruct a large part of the globe (Poast, 115). Indeed, the loss will be mu ch greater in emotional, financial and earthy sense than anyone can imagine. This is why it is very important for nations to carefully understand the economics of war before indulging themselves in such an activity. We are here not only to conquer places and make money but also to learn to live in harmony with each other. Every nation, color, creed and civilization is different from the other but this is no excuse for a war, we need to understand and accept these differences and in fact cherish them (Walzer, 200). Economics of war The most fundamental concept of Economics is of opportunity cost. Opportunity cost is the cost of what we forgo for what we gain or hope to gain from anything that we consume or purchase or decide about. For example, if a nation wishes to indulge in a war with another nation, it needs to first evaluate what it may gain. It may achieve success, money, land, power, slaves etc. it also needs to evaluate what it may lose in the process. And it may lose all tha t it may gain in addition to the lives of many innocent people. Also, it would waste its time and resources which may have been put to better use otherwise(Arnson, 45). Thus this evaluation of economics of war is essential for all the nations today. Any nation that decides to posing a war without thinking of its consequences will be doing more harm to itself and the world than it can imagine. Wastage of scarce resources The world is full of scarce resources. We need to use them very carefully or we will deprive ourselves and our coming generations of blessings like electricity, locomotives and other machines that make our lives much easier. Wars on the other hand require a lot of resources, a lot more than we can otherwise imagine consuming in the same time frame. Thus, when indulging in warfare, a country needs to be sure what it is at the risk of losing. Weaponry is expensive so is fuel that is used to drive large tanks and nuclear weapons and missiles are very expensive and destr uctive. A country may very well use the economic resources that it plans on warfare to improving its own nation’s industries, roads, parks and other national amenities thereby improving the living standard of its nationals (Egnal, 314). The world is a global village. We all live in a very interrelated surrounding. The ecosystem is balanced because one thing supports the other. It is all like a large heap of books, one on the other. The war may be a blow

Monday, August 26, 2019

Global warming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Global warming - Essay Example Even though, many science-veterans construe to the fact that an augmentation in the emissions may tend to result in further global warming, various ambiguities stay about the timing and criticalness of the consequential climatic transformation. However, many other science-veterans are induced about the fact that the activities which are performed by humans are partially held responsible for the long period warming of the past epoch. Moreover, they also believe that the climatic transformations which are a result of the increment in the greenhouse gases will continue to be a part of our future (White Paper [1], 2002). They also suppose that there are adequate confirmations to assure a considerable approach towards reducing the substantial results of global warming. Significantly, too often, we misapprehend Global Warming as Ozone Depletion which is all the more different. Whilst, Ozone depletion refers to the tapering of the ozone layer in the stratosphere extending approximately between nine to thirty-one miles above the surface of the earth, Global Warming refers to an increment in the earth’s standard temperature. Science-veterans are quite sure about the green-house effect. They are fully cognizant of the fact that green-house gases make the earth warmer by means of entrapping the heat in the atmosphere. On the other hand, climatic transformations are the ling-term standards of a region’s events of weather that are humped collaboratively. As per the views of Schneider, the green-house effect and global warming have evolved from academia and government organizations to blend with the prominent chores (Schneider, 1990). Climatic transformations delineate a change in the

Sunday, August 25, 2019

An analysis on the dyadic network relationship of BMW AG and Research Paper

An analysis on the dyadic network relationship of BMW AG and Brilliance Auto Ltd - Research Paper Example In August  2002  the Jinbei Automotive Company, a subsidiary of Brilliance China Auto, launched their first car; the ‘Zhonghua’ (China). 3.2 Network after 2003: The dyadic network of BMW and Brilliance in 2003 has made a big impact in the automobile industry. BMW launched its first car in 2003 and has made the 50,000th in 2007 and has now launching the new model in 2010 as the 10,000th car. After 2003, BNW and Brilliance has been mounting amazingly at high momentum, carrying out the highest manufacture within 2 years. It had observed, joined and occupied a part in the progress of Chinese automobile industry. They are prepared to hail a dazzling opportunities by this combined set-up and it has fruitfully included into the Chinese culture and dynamically thinking business shared tasks. This network has found its boundaries and kept an eye on the opponents. These has manufactured the quality products which gave the customer maximum satisfaction. It has set the target to develop into a superior business dweller. They have kept the horizons as learning, civilization, client commitment and business authority in the corporate world. These horizons clearly show the liability of BMW towards the Chinese humanity. These also prove the assurance and obligation to the long-standing improvements in China. There has been lot of risks in this network relationship. There always had a pressure to meet the client demands with the new automobiles over ever more smaller product growth phase and they have to reach the market to the further sectors with the pioneering new products as like Sedan which will decides the upcoming success. Also the risk comprises the capability of dyadic network to get sufficient funding as and when required at competitive rates and profitably expand, produce and trade the innovative products in China. A Concluding Analysis of the Evolution of the Dyadic Network BMW / Brilliance: BMW decided to enter into a joint venture with Shenyang Xin gYuanDong in the year 2003, XingYuanDong is a 100% subsidiary of Brilliance China Automotive Holdings Ltd. (Bermuda), a publicly listed Chinese car manufacturer founded in 1993. BMW enter into this joint venture to produce and locally service BMW branded cars as well as gaining wider network legitimacy within the Chinese market. â€Å"The  first  BMW  Brilliance  factory  was  built  in  2004.  It  is  running  at  full capacity  as  the  luxury  market  continues  to  boom† (Tianyang, 2011). BMW is increasing their sales growth in China at more than nine times the pace of the wider industry, defying the nation’s attempts to unclog its roads and discourage â€Å"lavish lifestyles†. Brilliance China is one of the leading automotive manufacturers in China through its subsidiaries, associated companies and joint ventures in PRC. The joint venture with BMW which was established in the year 2003 was to produce BMW 3-series and 5 series sedans in China. Brilliance auto has many strategic partners and alliances. They have established strategic and working relationships with global automotive manufacturers. In the production of minibuses their partner is Toyota, and in the case of automotive components their partners are Mitsubishi motors, FEV, TRW automotive, and Johnson Controls. Brilliance has a wide range of 15 subsidiaries in China and announced

Saturday, August 24, 2019

The European Debt Crisis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The European Debt Crisis - Research Paper Example The crisis accentuated the economic interdependence of the EU, as it highlighted the deficiency in the Eurozone’s political integration which was vital for the provision of a well-harmonized and effectual financial response. To ease the debt crisis and improve economic status, EU’s richest members encouraged the most highly indebted EU members to cut down on government expenditures and programs and to increase their taxes. Despite efforts, market instability continued until the end of 2011, thus questioning the future of the euro (Alessi). This paper will discuss the European debt crisis and the mitigation measures implemented to resolve the issues. The European Debt Crisis The  Maastricht Treaty outlined the conditions for European nations aiming to be a eurozone member by organizing its finances through guaranteeing an annual inflation not exceeding 1.5%; maintaining finance debits up to 3% of GDP; and keeping a debt-to-GDP ratio below 60%. The European nations agre ed to tighten budgets by decreasing public expenditures and increasing tariffs. However, the enforcement of the EU conditions was not strictly implemented (Wignall and Slovik). Since the 1930s, the European Union was in serious economic downturn with actual GDP expected to plummet by 4% in 2009, the biggest decline ever recorded in the EU history. While indications of improvement have been observed, economic revival stays improbable. The response of the EU to the recession had been fast. Besides the intervention to steady and restructure the banking sector, the European Economic Recovery Plan (EERP) was commenced in 2008 for re-establishing reliance and reinforcing demand by increasing the economy’s purchasing power through balanced tactical financial schemes and measures that would support the business and employment sectors. The entire economic incentive and the outcomes of regulated fiscal stabilizers total 5 percent of European GDP (â€Å"Economic Crisis in Europe: Cause s, Consequences and Responses†). The execution of crisis emergency measures by European members momentarily sustained the labor markets and heightened investments in the public infrastructure companies. To guarantee the economic resurgence and to continue the European nations’ future development possibilities, the focus must change from temporary demand administration to a long-term supply management, otherwise, it could hamper EU’s reformation or build damaging deformations to the Internal Market (â€Å"Economic Crisis in Europe: Causes, Consequences and Responses†). European Crisis Mitigation Measures In 2010, the leading European nations implemented an emergency protocol to cease the mounting fiscal market strains arising from distress about the financial recovery of indebted European nations (Ahearn et al). Financial Aid to Greece, Portugal, and Ireland In 2009, existing alarms concerning the sustainability of household finances in some Eurozone nation s started when the sentiments of financiers turned against Greece. Over the past ten years, Greece had loaned deeply in the global capital markets to sustain soaring government expenses, banking system inflexibilities, and deteriorating competitiveness (Nelson). Access to funds at minimal interest rates and poor imposition of EU regulations regarding debit limits facilitated the onset of today’s European sovereign debt dilemma (Nelson et al). Greece, Ireland, and Portugal have been given considerable financial supports by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Eurozone and EU monetary

Friday, August 23, 2019

Provide an analysis of the segmentation, targeting and positioning Essay

Provide an analysis of the segmentation, targeting and positioning strategy of a brand of your choice. Within your analysis you - Essay Example The STP strategy of Coca-Cola BlaK Segmentation strategy Coca Cola BlaK has been one of the major designs that Coca Cola developed to recover its declining sales during 2005. The BlaK drink was not only a flavour extension, but rather a stimulating blend of variety of coke refreshment, with quality coffee essence and lightly carbonated with an aim to appeal to adult consumers (singleservecoffee.com, 2006). The company targeted a specific segment for marketing BlaK, comprising of adult, 30-over savvy sophisticated achievers. Segmentation is a company’s key marketing dimensions to set strategic framework and are marketing processes used to identify the right customers of a company (Bygrave and Zacharakis, 2010, p. 170). Almost all companies segment its markets, breaking down the total market of a product or service in to distinct sub-groups (Lancaster and Reynolds, 2001, p. 68) such as Geographical (region/population density), demographic (age, sex, marital status, socio-economi c status, social class, religion etc), psychographic (life-style, personality, self-image etc) and behavioural (rate, volume, occasion, brand loyalty) (Stone and Desmond, 2007, p. 175). When it comes to the case of BlaK, the company identified an opportunity for BlaK from various regions including US, France, Spain, Czech Republic and later in Canada and UK. Demographically, its market was high-class, sophisticated achievers (Farr, 2007). The example of BlaK cola shows that extensive research often requires for an effective segmentation and targeting. As Loudon, Stevens and Wrenn (2004) pointed, a highly customized method of segmentation based upon extensive research and up to date data requires a high degree of expertise in research (p. 33). Coca-cola company has invested heavily in researches during 2002 about users and their perceptions of coke products. This research brought the significance of coke for adults who are between 30 and 50 age savvy people who are less likely to use Coca Cola’s other brands. The company executives thus thought to develop a unique drink merging ordinary coke with an energy drink or coffee essence aimed at adults over 30 savvy people (Wilbert, 2006). This research helped the company identify a hidden market opportunity and find a market segment which was until then left-untouched. Targeting Strategy Coca-Cola company targeted mainly the male demographics with ingredient of coffee essence. The Coca Cola BlaK was appealed mainly to older, more sophisticated and over-30 customers who are likely to spend more (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel, 2008, p. 258). A marketer may target a group of people or organizations by designing, implementing and maintaining a market mix in order to meet the needs of that specific group (Lamb, Hair and McDaniel, 2008, p. 220). When it comes to BlaK, the research conducted by Coca Cola found that there is an opportunity for a drink, being made quite unique with additional coffee essence, targeted for mal e-adults who are over-30 savvy and sophisticated achievers. the target was thus very specific. When a specific group is targeted, various marketing mixes like price, product, place and promotion can be developed according to the needs, behaviour and specific requirement of the targeted group. Ferrell and Hartline (2008) emphasized that a firm can adopt any or more

Thursday, August 22, 2019

Marketing Plan for Bata Essay Example for Free

Marketing Plan for Bata Essay In this total market demand, about 42% are brand-driven. And bata is covering about 12% of the organized footwear segment. Industry environment- Threat of new entrants- †¢There are many barriers to entry preventing new entrants from capturing significant market share. Large footwear producer enjoy economy of scale that create cost advantage over any new rival. †¢BIL differentiated it’s product from rivals product like Comfort (using dynamic spring pad that acted as cushion on the feet for women’s footwear), Wind (in build air technology that allowed feet to breath fresh air) etc. The capital requirements are a high entry barrier to a new firm to the industry. However, an existing shoe manufacturer may enter the athletic shoe industry simply by re-tooling their manufacturing plant. †¢Switching cost is very low for footwear industry because shoes are relatively inexpensive personal goods that are frequently replaced. †¢Access to distribution channel is barrier to entry because it is really difficult for a startup firm to get shelf space at major shoe retailer. But existing firm may use their existing connections to easily access shoe distribution channel. Bargaining power of buyer- †¢Bata is largest player in industry with 9-10%volume share and 60% market share in organized segment. It had a market share of 70% in canvas shoe segment and 60% in leather shoe segment. Their dominant market share give them power over buyer. †¢Bata is a big buyer of raw material who buys significant part of suppliers’ revenue. This in a way provides good bargaining power over suppliers. †¢As a part of its strategic decision Bata set up a rubber/canvas factory in Faridabad, Haryana in 1951. So it can threaten it’s supplier to integrate backward. Bargaining power of supplier- †¢Shoes are made of leather, rubber, nylon etc. These materials could be classified as commodities, where the manufacturing process adds the value. For this reason supplier have limited bargaining power over buyers. Threat of substitute product- †¢Consumer switched from one product to another if alternatives are available in same quality and performance range and have competing price or lesser price. BIL produces 10% of total hawai ranged from Rs. 35-110 while competing local brands were selling at Rs. 25-50. Again when global trade open then market flooded with many international brands having variety and competing price. Rivalry among existing firms- †¢Mostly numbers of competitors are stable, especially because of high entry barriers. This adds to the rivalry among existing firm. Manufacturers watch each other carefully and make appropriate countermove to match the competitors move. Leading competitor of BIL are Lakhani shoes, liberty shoes, action shoes, woodland, paragon and relaxo in organized segment. General environment- Demographic- †¢Indian market is highly fragmented between rural and urban market. Thus with the implementation of Marketing plan the company’s profit are expected to rise by 100. 30 crores compared to the actual profit that it will have without the implementation of marketing plan. Implementation controls: The progress can be measured on quarterly basis by comparing the company’s growth rate with that of the industry for that quarter The Capital Asset Pricing Model van be used where R(b) = R(i) + beta(R(i)) Here R(b) is the expected growth (here sales) for Bata India Ltd and R(i) is growth of the Industry. Beta is the equating factor that tell by how much the company has grown with respect to the industry.

Wednesday, August 21, 2019

Dickens Hard Times Essay Example for Free

Dickens Hard Times Essay â€Å"Now, what I want is, Facts. Teach these boys and girls nothing but Facts. Facts alone are wanted in life.† (Dickens, 1854, p.1) With these beginning sentences of the novel â€Å"Hard Times†, Charles Dickens has made readers doubt whether it is true that facts alone are wanted in life. This question leads to the main theme of the story, fact against fancy, that author has never been written this kind of plot in his other stories before. In fact, Hard Times is considered as the unlike-the-rest of Dickens’ works (Collins, 1992, p. xi) because the plot is not involved the social problems in Victorian Age such as poverty or child labor, but it is an abstract that exalts instinct above reason. (Collins, 1992, p.xiii) Although it is not Dickensian, author still put his cliff-hanger characteristic on his work which makes the story enjoyable and worth reading for all-age-readers. Due to many interesting factors, this novel has been chosen to be the topic of this essay consisting of three parts that are the historical backgrounds, the facts about this novel and my critical reflections. To gain the comprehensive perspective of the story, we need to look back on historical backgrounds of the age that this novel took place which can be seen in three ways that are the economy, the social class and the education. Victorian Age is the period of economic progress that Industrial Revolution played important part in the British society. As a result, there were many factories located in town and it is imaginary described in a story that industrial Coketown is â€Å"where the piston of the steam-engine worked monotonously up and down, like the head of an elephant in a state of melancholy madness.† (Dickens, 1854, p.20). So, it shows that Hard Times is a realistic novel that author voiced a radically dissident attitude on Industrial Revolution in his story. (Lowy 2007 218) According to the growth of economy, there was the distinction found in social classes especially between labor and management (Cliffnote, n.d.) in this story that can be seen at Mr. Bounderby, a wealt hy manufacturer, considers himself as self-made man and later found that he is not, who is in upper class and has predominant power over Blackpool a hard working labor in Mr. Bounderby’s factory. However, the social class distinction is not raised as a serious problem in the story. Also, this economic progress has a great impact on the education system in which the schools are dominated with the Utilitarian spirit. From the plot, it shows that Dickens held a strong vision against the Utilitarianism, a theory that considers self-interest is maximum utility and denies on imagination (Diniejko, n.d.), that he ends the story with the tragic event caused by failure of the Utilitarian education system that teaches students only fact, but he oppositely admired hospitality of the Sleary’s circus that teaches the children with imagination. These are historical backgrounds that influenced the story and make it more understandable. As it is claimed at first that this novel is not like the other Dickens’ stories, it is contained some facts that makes the novel interesting which are its background, cliff-hanger plot and impressive critiques. Unlike Dickens’ usual shilling monthly numbers, Hard Times was a part in his two penny weekly edited magazine (Collin, 1992, p.xi), Household Words, which faced a shrinking circulation and falling profits (Enote editor, n.d.). Therefore, the story was written in form of serialization and finally titled Hard Times For These Times when it was gathered into fuller version. (Collin, 1992, p.xi) Although it is not a notably work, it has a Dickens’ famous cliff-hanger plot. The main theme is the conflict between fact and fancy in which Mr. Gradgrind teaches his students and his children to believe in fact, but the story turns out unexpected that two of his children have to live in misery; Louisa has a loveless marriage with Mr. Bounderby a friend of her father and a bank owner. Tom, Louisa’s brother, becomes a bank robber who almost cannot escape abroad. In order to help his son, Mr. Gradgrind eventually has to ask Sleary’s circus, who he never favour because they teaches children with imagination, for help and he comes to realize that his philosophy he has been teaching all along for his children is a failure. The story also contains many subplot stories such as an impossible love between Louisa and Mr. Harthouse, a secret life of Mr. Bounderby and a social class love. With his sharp and sarcastic writing skill, Hard Times receives impressive critiques from many admirers. The outstanding critique is one from Dr F. R. Leavis in 1948 that saysâ€Å"†¦ of all Dickens’ works the one that has all the strength of his genius, together with a strength no other of them can show—that of a completely serious work of art†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Collin, 1992, p.xii). These three facts of this novel even make it more astonishing. A good novel not only gives reader an appreciation but also provides some points that need to be analyzed through critical thinking process. So does the Hard Times, it is a valuable novel that I favor and have critical reflections on the Dickens’ satire, the well-rounded characters and the comparison on the different abstract ideas. I was hooked by this novel right from the first three sentences, claimed at the beginning of the essay, because it provokes readers’ brain to think until we find the answer that it is wrong to lean on facts alone in life and that is the first satire in a story. There is the using of repeated word to sarcastically equate the teacher and Mr. Gradgrind with the mechanic engine as shown â€Å"Fact, fact, fact!’ said the gentleman. And ‘Fact, fact, fact!’ repeated Thomas Gradgrind† (Dickens, 1854, p.6). Moreover, all the well-rounded characters are formed in satirist way. For example, there is the difference between Lou isa and Sissy which we see the development of these two characters. The first is Louisa who was born and raised in a wealthy family teaching her only facts are wanted in life, but she ends up living in mournful as it says â€Å"†¦any hoarded scrap of which, is a blessing and happiness to the wisest? Did Louisa see this? Such a thing was never to be.† (Dickens, 1854, p.283). On the other hand, the second is Sissy, was born in circus and taught her with imagination, who ends up living with happiness as it says â€Å"trying hard to know her humbler fellow-creatures, and to beautify their lives of machinery and reality with those imaginative graces and delights† (Dickens, 1854, p.283). Lastly, I am very appreciated with the comparison on the different abstract ideas especially one in this example; the different perspectives of horse that the student in Mr. Gradgrind’s school describes in scientific and arithmetic way as shown: â€Å"Quadruped. Graminivorous. Forty teeth, namely twenty-four grinders, four eye teeth, and twelve incisive†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dickens, 1854, p.4), while the Sleary’s circus people describe it as beautiful imaginary way as shown: â€Å"The public house was the Pegasus’s Arms. The Pegasus’s legs might have been more to the purpose†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dickens, 1854, p.25). It can be interpreted that students see no abstract from object, they have blunted mind, while circus people, who live in Victorian Era the golden age of circus, have something that students do not have which are morality and hospitality. These are my critical reflections that makes Hard Times become one of my favorite novels. All of these are the historical backgrounds, the facts about this novel and my critical reflections for the Dickens’ Hard Times. It is a story of wrong philosophy that facts which are actually not the only needful thing in life. This novel gives readers the way to approach history of Victorian Age, also , an appreciation. And the most importantly, it persuades readers to live their lives happily with imagination and hospitality to everyone that will come into life. References Collins, Philip (1992). Introduction. Charles Dickens Hard Times(p. xi,xii,xiii). Berwick Street, London: The Millennium Library. Dickens, Charles (1854). Hard Times For These Times. Charles Dickens Hard Times(p. 1,4,6,20,25,283). Berwick Street, London: The Millennium Library. Diniejko, Dr Andrzej.Charles Dickens as Social Commentator and Critic. The Victorian Web: An Overview. Retrieved January 10, 2013, from http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/dickens/diniejko.html Hard Times Critical Essay by Charles Dickens. Study Guides, Lesson Plans, Homework Help, Answers More enotes.com. Retrieved January 10, 2013, from http://www.enotes.com/hard-times-essays/dickens-charles-hard-times-these-times Hard Times: Critical Essays: Dickens Philosophy and Style CliffsNotes . Get Homework Help with CliffsNotes Study Guides . Retrieved January 10, 2013, from http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/literature/hard-times/critical-essays/dickens- philosophy-style.html Lowy, M. (2007). The Current of Critical Irrealism. A concise companion to realism(p. 218). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

Tuesday, August 20, 2019

MSc International Banking and Finance

MSc International Banking and Finance The financial year 2008-2009 has been very significance in the history of banking industry. The industry faced the biggest ever crises since the great depression. The whole global banking system was challenged for various reasons.   The performance of public sector as well as private sector banks went drastically down. The crisis has not left any country without panic but the impact was subjective.   The developed countries like US and UK suffered more than the developing countries. Many literatures have been written and many case studies took place to analyse the impact of recession. Its has been an important aspect to analyse the performance of banking sector in various continents. In this research I have planned to compare the impact of recession on the Indias biggest private sector bank ICICI which would reflect on the level of impact it has went through. The research would be a comparative performance analysis of ICICI bank and its subsidiaries in the UK, Canada and Russia.à ‚   I believe the Bank is one of the best examples to analyse the performance to find the impact of global financial crises as there are different of opinion in regards to the impact of financial crises on Indian Banking sector.  Ã‚   2.0Title of the research:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The analysing the performance of Bank in financial crises- The case of ICICI Bank 3.0 Rationale for Study The focus of the study is to carry out an extensive analysis of the performance of ICICI bank in financial crisis of 2008-2009 To achieve this aim, the study will examine: The main determinants of ICICI banks efficiency and performance The effect of financial crisis on cost, revenue, profit efficiency and stock return performance of    ICICI banks. The differences in performance of ICICI bank in India, US and in the UK. The effect of banks capital on a its ability to survive in the period of crises, The result and find out the similarities and differences of impact of financial crisis. 3.0 Literature Review: The recent financial crisis has left clear evidence of global downturn. Not only developing but also advance countries have suffered in a very bad way. In last year and half market has fallen by 35-40%. According to the IMF data the impact of the recession is comparatively less in the Asian countries. But banks that are involved in the global financial market in subprime mortgages were exposed to the financial downturn. As per IMF records large US banks losses more than a trillion dollars in bad loans and expected to lose more ahead. This time financially US were hit harder than Europe and Asia or African continent. The World Bank survey of 425 Asian firms and 78 banks in 14 developing countries shows that the global financial crisis has constrained trade finance for exporters and importers in developing countries. But the impact varied by the firm size, activity, and countries integration into the global economy. The analysis of performance in the period of crisis also differs from institutions to institutions and country wise. In general, the performance of banks and non banking financial institutions has been measured by various methods but most of the literatures used combination of different financial ratios.   There are number of studies analysing the efficiency and the performance of financial institutions. However, there have been numerous studies analyzed the efficiency of financial institutions. Among these Dennis Olsonand Taisier A. Zoubi (2008) uses 26 financial ratios to distinguish between conventional and Islamic banks in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region. In the comparison of Islamic Vs. Conventional Banks Dr. Taisier A. Zoubi has mention 16 financial Characteristics of Banking Industry. Dimitri vitas (Nov 1991) has raise the point about the use and misuse of financial ratios. Claudia Girardone. (Feb 2000) has also analysed the Determinants of Bank Efficiency in the case of Italian banks. This paper would use the various financial ratios which describe banks liquidity, profitability, asset quality and efficiency. 3.1 The Financial Crisis and Indian banking industry As its obvious, the global financial crisis is unlikely to spare Indias corporate sector.The perceived impact as reflected in financial markets indicators is acute: the Sensex lost over 50 percent and the rupee depreciated 23 percent in 2008 (IMF Country Report No. 09/186) In 2007 Indias GDP dropped by 4% and expected to remain between 5.5 and 6.5 in 2010 Limited exposure to the sub-prime mortgage market helped Indian banking sector to maintain the stability.   Indias refurbished financial systems and supervision system supported this performance. The well managed financial reform rapid growth and the diversification has given the annual credit growth of above 20% and reduce non performing asset to 2%. In 2008-09 with credit growth of 17.3% Indian banking sector reflected sound and profitable attitude, but all credit mainly goes to the large public sector banks with stable deposit growth. The banking sector in India has less impact of crisis but the banks like ICICI which has its subsidiaries in US and Europe has an impact which may be comparatively less or more. 3.2 ICICI Bank ICICI Bank is Indias second-largest bank with total assets of Rs. 3,674.19 billion (US$ 77 billion) at June 30, 2009 and profit after tax Rs. 8.78 billion for the quarter ended June 30, 2009(ICICIbank.com). The ICICI Bank has its presence in 18 countries worldwide. The Bank offers various banking and financial products. The Bank currently has its owned subsidiaries in the United Kingdom, Russia and Canada, branches in United States, Singapore, Bahrain, Hong Kong, Sri Lanka, Qatar and Dubai International Finance Centre and representative offices in United Arab Emirates, China, South Africa, Bangladesh, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. Our UK subsidiary has established branches in Belgium and Germany. The shares of ICICI are listed in India on Bombay Stock Exchange and the National Stock Exchange of India Limited and its American Depositary Receipts (ADRs) are listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). As a largest private bank in India ICICI has its business in the international m arket and first Indian company to be listed on the New York stock exchange. ICICI was not the exception to have an impact of recent financial crisis, as like most of the international banks ICICI was also connected to the US subprime mortgages. ICICI Bank lost its share value more than 50% during the period of crisis. Till August 2008 ICICI Bank was the most valuable bank with a market capitalisation above all Indian private and public sector banks but it has become to become the victim of global financial crisis like other international banks. With asset of $9bn in UK and $5bn in Canada ICICI has the exposure of $12bn in overseas loan The US subsidiary of ICICI also has a debt of $76m in Lehman Brothersdebt And ICICI UK has $3.5 billion investment in various instruments of which around 18% are in US papers. But the same time the capital adequacy ratio at ICICI is 13.4% which is higher than the mandatory percentage. (IBN Analysis) 4.0 Aims Objectives The aim of the study is to analyze the impact of the 2008-2009 Financial Crisis on the performance of ICICI banks and its subsidiaries in the UK, Canada and Russia. In order to achieve the above aim, the study has four main objectives: Whether the Indian banking sector was exposed to contagion effects of the current financial crisis To compare the impact of the Financial Crisis on ICICI Bank India, the UK, Canada and Russia. How were the pre-crisis performance and profitability of ICICI banks in India, the UK, Canada and Russia? During the pre-crisis period, how was the relationship between bank efficiency and financial indicators at ICICI Bank? 5.0 Proposed Methodology and Critical Application There are various aspect of performance analysis which has been used to review or to compare the performance of banks and banking sector. In the performance analysis of Italian banks Claudia Girardone (2000) has mention various determinants of banks performance, profitability, and efficiency. Many studies focus of different characteristics of banks performance like liquidity, profitability, returns on asset and so on. In this study to examine the performance of ICICI bank India and the UK, Canada and Russia the simple accounting ratios would be used and to check further on the difference in performance in different countries the regression analysis will be used. The test will help to figure out the ICICI banks exposure and the effects of the financial crisis on its operations in given countries. The paper discusses the correlation of efficiency scores with the financial indicators such as asset quality, capital ratios, operational and liquidity ratios. Paper uses the set of sixteen financial ratios which are the suggested financial characteristics of banking industry (Dr. Taisier A. Zoubi ) to analyse the performance of ICICI Bank and further examines the difference of performance at ICICI bank in India , UK , Canada and Russia. 5.1 Proposed Data Collection For this research secondary data would be suitable thus, I intend to collect and analyse secondary data for the proposed study. The secondary data will be collected in the form of a literature review and provide details about the performance analysis and recent financial crisis. The financial statements and annual reports are required for the sample period of the research to examine and to run the proposed analysis for ICICI bank India, US and UK, The data is in the original currency (Rupee) of the parent company ICICI Bank India Pvt. Ltd., but provides a choice to covert the data to any other currency, including the USD and GBP. This paper uses the INR-based reports in the selected sample. 5.2 Access to the Data This study evaluates the cross-country level data compiled from the financial statements of ICICI banks in India US and UK over the period 2004 2009. The primary source for data used in this research is the banks balance sheets and income statements published on the Bank website. The choice of this sample period covers the longest available history of ICICI banks UK, 5.3 Justification of Methods I believe that secondary data is suitable for this research, which can be internal or external to the ICICI Bank and may be accessed through the internet or recorded or published information of bank. As there are various sources to collect secondary data, likes books and periodicals world bank and IMF publications of economic indicators, National census data, statistical abstracts, Central banks data bases, the media, annual reports of the bank, case studies and other archival records. The advantage of using secondary data sources is savings in time and cost of acquiring information and many times its comparatively easy to access. 6.0 Limitations Delimitations of the study The proposed study is limited by time constraints- the completion time limit is three months. The ratios analysis has major implication for assessing bank performance in developing countries but in this case the data is from both developing and developed countries UK and the UK. Given the range of services and the cost difference in India US and UK, Indias cost -assets and cost income ratios should be smaller than the UK as an developed country. This study does not consider the inflation effect, and the risk factor in the respected country, 7.0 Justification 7.1 Academic Benefits The study will be of interest to academics that have an interest in financial services performance review. The results will add to, and update the academic literature that presently exists on performance analysis. The study will also provide a useful insight into the use of financial performance indicators in banks. 7.2 Practical Applications The study will help to understand and measure the impact of crisis on ICICI bank. The result will show the difference of performance of ICICI bank in the given countries which would be of interest to the managers of financial services as it will provide insight into how the performance of the bank could move in the period of financial crisis. The results of the study will help to understand the difference of impact of global financial crisis in cross countries. It will also help to find the effect of banks capital on a banks ability to survive in the financial crisis, and its competitive position. 8.0 Proposed Structure The format of the dissertation will be as follows: Title Page; Declaration; Abstract; Acknowledgements; Contents Page; List of Tables and Figures (including word count); Introduction; Literature Review; Methodology; Results and Discussion; Conclusions and Recommendations; Evaluation of Study and Scope for Further Research; Bibliography 9.0 References ICICI Bank. (2004-09). Annual repots. Available: http://www.icicibank.com/pfsuser/aboutus/resultsann/webcast_09.htm. Last accessed Nov 11,2009. MF Global financial stability report. (Oct 2009). World economic and financial survey. Available: http://www.imf.org/External/Pubs/FT/GFSR/2009/02/pdf/text.pdf. Last accessed Nov 20,2009. world bank. (Aug 2009). India Banking Sector Support Loan Program, Available: http://go.worldbank.org/SRP7OBC9Q0. Last accessed Nov 20,2009 Overseas development institute-Conference Note. (Dec 2008). Measuring Commercial Bank Efficiency Use Effects of the Global Financial Crisis on Developing Countries and Emerging Markets. Available: http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/odi-publications. Last accessed Nov 11,2009. IMF. (Jun 2009). IMF Country Report No. 09/186. Available: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2009/cr09186.pdf. Last accessed Nov 18, 2009. Malouche, Mariem. (Nov 2009). World Bank WPS5138. Available: http://go.worldbank.org/7ELI2JEZI0. Last accessed Nov 28, 2009. International Monetary Fund (2009) world economic and financial survey Available: http://imf.org/external/pubs. Last accessed 12/11/2009. Ketul S.. (Aug 2008). IBN Analysis. Available: http://www.gurufocus.com/news.php?id=33505. Last accessed 20/11/2009. Dennis Olson and Taisier A. Zoubi . (March 2008 ). Using accounting ratios to distinguish between Islamic and conventional banks in the GCC region.The International Journal of Accounting.. 43 (1), 45-65. Dimitri Vittas. (Nov 1991). Measuring Commercial Bank Efficiency Use and Misuse of Bank Operating Ratios.CountryE conomicsD epartment The World Bank WPS 806. WPS 806 (1), 1-54. Claudia Girardone. (Feb 2000). Analysing the Determinants of Bank Efficiency: The Case of Italian Banks.University of wales , School of Accounting , Banking and economics. 1 (1), 143-166.

Essay on War -- Politics Conflict Battle War

Essay on war War has been a part of human culture since it's birth. It has led to a great many massacres and has shown us the evil that exists within the souls of humanity. Some have even gone as far as saying that war is human nature. To better understand the reasons behind war and how it affects others, I've examined several different societies and cultures so as to better understand the necessity of war and see the cause of their external war attitude. To do so, different variables from two topics (military institutions and external war attitude) were matched up and crossed so as to look into the answers to these questions. The variables were then calculated and through these graphs, I was able to find different societies in which these variables applied to. The different variables that I looked into were that of hostility toward other societies, acceptability of violence toward people in other societies, decision to engage in war, leadership during battle, and the value of war: violence again st non-members or groups. It is through looking into these variables that I'd like to test my hypothesis on how a countries holdings and military prowess causes more of an aggressive external war attitude towards surrounding countries and societies. With this in mind, I'd also like to look further into each culture to see if the greatness of being a warrior increases the aggression on the outside peoples. Through my research of the various variables, I came across several different societies that scored highly on my variable chart. To further test my hypothesis, I've taken these various variables and researched them through different societies to either prove or disprove m hypothesis. Somalis My research begins with the Somalis. Th... ...es external war attitude. I was also incorrect in that I forgot to include within my hypothesis that the leaders outlook of the situation and how the expansion of their military and their holdings would also bring about a different outtake on how their war attitude would be. So in conclusion, these societies have shown me that the main reason for these societies going into war was their hope of gaining prestige, wealth, and a greater territory. It's something that is not much different than now. After all, it's human nature. Works Cited Keen, Benjamin "The Aztec Image in Western Thought" Rutgers University 1971 Tooker, Elisabeth "The Huron" 1965 Buck, Peter "The Coming of the Maori" 1962 Muir, Lucy Philip "An African People in the 20th Century" 1934 Baxter P.T.W.& A.Butt "Azande and Related Peoples of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan and the Belgian Congo"(1953)

Monday, August 19, 2019

Brave New World †Individual Needs :: Brave New World

Brave New World – Individual Needs Brave New World Sometimes very advanced societies overlook the necessities of the individual. In the book Brave New World, Aldous Huxley creates two distinct societies: the Savages and the Fordians. The Fordians are technologically sophisticated, unlike the Savages. However, it is obvious that, overall, the Savages have more practical abilities, have more, complicated, ideals, and are much more advanced emotionally, which all help the individual to grow. The Savage Reservation provides more opportunities for personal growth than does the Fordian society. Throughout the story, it is shown how the Fordian society is much more advanced technologically than the Savage Reservation. Because the Reservation is not fully equipped with well-developed machinery to do all their work for them, they must learn to do it themselves. Unlike the Fordians, the Savages are taught functional skills, such as stitching up simple tears and weaving. In the story Mitsima, an old man from the reservation, teaches John the Savage how to make a clay pot, using nothing but a lump of clay and his own two hands. This is a very practical and useful tool. The Savages are taught to cook for themselves, and to clean for themselves. These teachings help the individual to grow practically. The Savages also bestow good ideals in their people from which they can learn, understand, and grow. One of the most important things that the Savages are taught is self-control. The Whipping Ceremony is a good example of this. In this ceremony a young man was whipped to death in front of a large audience and throughout it he "made no sound†¦[and] walked on at the same slow, steady pace" (97). The man is taught that to show his strength he must use the uttermost limits of his self-control. They are also taught self-control in how they are prohibited free sex. They must learn restraint through their lust and desires. It is shown how capable the Savages are when controlling themselves in chapter 13. Lenina, whom John loves and desires more than anything in the world, is proclaiming herself to John, and yet he restrains himself because they are not married.     The Savages are also taught

Sunday, August 18, 2019

History of Belize :: Essays Papers

History of Belize Mayan civilization flourished in what is now called Belize between 300 and 600 AD, but had collapsed around 900 AD. By the time the Spanish arrived in the mid 16th century there were few Mayans left, and their buildings had already become ruins. Although the Spanish explorers laid claim over the area, the first permanent European settlement was established by shipwrecked English seamen in 1638. The English settlers’ raided Spanish ships while Spain retaliated with repeated attacks on the settlers, but in 1763 Spain granted the British settlements the right to begin logging. British administrators governed the area from 1786 which caused a rift between Spain and Britain. England won control over the land at the Battle of St. George’s Caye in 1798, and with the Treaty of Amiens of 1802, Spain recognized British sovereignty. British law began to uphold as of 1840 and the area was eventually declared a crown colony in 1862 known as British Honduras. The United Kingdom’s main interest in Belize was purely economic. In the mid 17th century the African Slave Trade was introduced as a source of labor for forestry which continued to be the main enterprise until it was eventually supplanted by sugar. Although slavery in the British colonies was abolished progressively between 1833 and 1838, many early immigrants came from the West Indies. The only way England was able to farm British Honduras was by shipping massive amounts of immigrants to the country in order to be part of the working class. England’s economic interests in British Honduras pushed for a large mixed immigrant population, which ended up allowing the area to become populated by many interracial children. Although there were few British settlers that stayed on the island, interracial mixing began to develop due to the large population of Africans that came over as slaves and with a few original Amerindian or Mayan inhabitants. People of wha t is now known as Belize can be referred to by different ethnicities known as; Mestizos (mix of Mayan and European descent) and Garifuna or ‘Black Caribs’ (mix of Amerindian and African blood), and Creole (mixture of white and black), but the most predominant race that remains since the 17th century up till today are Black.

Saturday, August 17, 2019

Black Death Cause and Effect Essay

The Bubonic Plague or the Black Death has been in the history books since the medieval times. This deadly disease has claimed nearly 1. 5 million lives in Europe (Gottfried). The Black Death hit Europe in October of 1347 and quickly spread through most of Europe by the end of 1349 and continued on to Scandinavia and Russia in the 1350s. Not only did the plague effect the European population by killing one-third to two-thirds (Gottfried), it also hurt the social and economic structures of every European society. How it spread The Black Death actually first appeared in the Himalayan region around 1250 AD. There are several theories as to how the disease made its way to Europe. One theory is that since the plague is transmitted from a bite of a flea, that fleas that lived on marmots that were indigenous to the region were the original transporters (Clay,1). The first recorded appearance of the plague in Europe was at Messina, Sicily in October of 1347. It was believed to have arrived on trading ships that came from the Black Sea, past Constantinople and through the Mediterranean (Gottfried). This route was used to bring import items such as silks and porcelain, which were carried overland to the Black Sea from as far away as China (Gottfried). No one know the exact point of origin of the Black Death but what most scholars will agree with is that the disease reach Europe by rodents. The reason given was due to the climatic shifts in the area which caused a shortage of food. The disease ridden rodents’ migration put them in contact with human populations, thus, putting humans in contact with the disease carrying fleas. So many people were impacted because most people lived in very crammed and tight spaces. This also made waste disposal an issue, which caused people to just tip their waste out the window of their home, bringing the rats. Because everyone was so close, the fleas could easily infect hundreds of people in one day, so no one was safe (Gottfried). The people that did manage to escape death was due to the fact that their immune systems being able to withstand the plague (Gottfried). Types of Plague What killed so many wasn’t due to just one type of plague going around; The disease that devastated Europe was caused by three different types of plague: bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic. All three are bacterial infections caused by Yersinia pestis (Gottfried). The most common form was the bubonic plague. Fleas that lived on the plague-infected rats spread the bubonic plague (Gottfried). After 6 days people who were infected with this strain would develop flu-like symptoms and blood pressure drops, heartbeats faster, and a sudden fever erupts, accompanied by chills, weakness, and headache. Next, a black pus filled bump surrounded by an inflamed red ring shows up at the place that was bitten (Gottfried). The lymph node would begin to swell with pus. When the enlarged lymph nodes would burst they would also emit dark colored blood and pus. This is how the name â€Å"Black Death† came to be coined (Vunguyen). A second type of plague was that of pneumonic. This plague could spread with a sneeze and could quickly jump from person to person and though it was less common than the bubonic form, but more deadly. This form was contracted through breathing in a mutated, airborne strain of the bacteria. The infected person would experience fluid building up in the lungs. This very unfortunate circumstance would, in turn, cause suffocation of the infected individual. This particular form of the bacteria would cause death within a short time span, usually two or three days (Boeckl). The third type of plague was speticemic plague. Though it was the least common out of the three, it was the deadliest. Septicemic plague was carried in the blood and was contracted only through blood-to-blood contact. The person infected with this type would develop a high fever but they would not develop many outward symptoms that they had contracted the plague. The individuals who were infected with this final strain of the bacterium were usually dead within 24 hours. Almost all who contracted either the pneumonic or septicemic plague died from the infection (Boeckl). Causes of the Black Death The causes of the Black Death – the flea, the rat, and the bacillus Yersinia pestis– have been labeled the â€Å"unholy trinity† (Boeckl). The flea is able to live in environmental conditions of about 74 ° Fahrenheit and 60% humidity (Ibid). Before the Black Death reached Europe, they were experiencing those same types of weather conditions. The rat flea, Xenopsylla cheopis and the human flea, Pulex irritans, are both capable of transmitting plague (Boeckl). Sometimes, an infected flea cannot ingest blood because Yersinia pestis obstructs its digestive tract. The blockage causes a flea to regurgitate into a bitten host rather than ingest the host’s blood, thereby infecting the host with plague (Boeckl). Unable to eat, the famished flea will bite with more frequency, accelerating the spread of plague. A flea can be carrying Yersinia pestis without it blocking the flea’s digestive tract, in which case the flea does not transmit plague when it bites a host. Also, Yersinia pestis can only enter a victim through a bite, as the bacilli cannot pass through intact skin (Gottfried). Social Changes The disease took a major toll on the population of Europe but as it wiped out communities it also caused changes in the social structure of European society. Europe was run by a feudal system (Vunguyen). As death took its toll, people started to question the way of life. When the Black Death swept over Europe and wiped out a third of its population, it also dismantled Feudalism. The feudal system was structured like a pyramid with the King being at the top and having complete control. The King owned everything; he had the power to decide who he would lease the land to. If he did allow a citizen to lease part of his land, before doing so they had to swear to an oath of loyalty (Vunguyen). People who did rent the King’s land were called Baron/Baronesses (Vunguyen). The leased land was called a manor, and the Barons were often called the ‘Lord of the Manor’ (Vunguyen). They were allowed to establish their own system of justice, mint their own money and set their own taxes. The Barons had to serve on the royal council, pay rent and provide the King with Knights for military service when he demanded it in return for the land they had been given (Vunguyen). When the King and his court travelled around the country, the Barons also had to provide lodging and food. The Barons kept as much of their land as they desired, then divided the rest among their Knights (Vunguyen). Knights were given land by the Baron in return for military service when demanded, and to protect the manor. The Knights kept as much of the land as they wished for their own personal use, and distributed the rest of it to serfs – although they weren’t as rich as the Barons, Knights were quite wealthy (). Serfs were given land by Knights in exchange for free labor, food and services whenever it was desired. They had no rights and weren’t allowed to leave the Manor. They had to ask their Lord’s permission before they could marry, and were often mistreated and poor (). The serfs or peasants were a key group in the population so when they started to die off, everything went downhill. The serfs served everyone on the pyramid and now Barons were willing to pay higher wages and offer extra benefits (Vunguyen). All their life they had lived off the serfs’ hard work, and were willing to pay them to stay on the manor to continue slaving for them. When the serfs died, the foundation on which feudalism relied upon was broken. The pyramid of power broke, and everything was a mess. Serfs left to find high wages due to the labor shortages. The land that had usually been the primary source of wealth was now worthless (Vunguyen). Entire estates were deserted as families fell to the plague and died, or fled in a vain attempt to escape its fury, were there for the taking (Vunguyen). As Europe evolved away from relying on land as the main source of prosperity, a rising middle-class claimed more and more wealth and prestige, as the once-noble began to quickly lose both (Vunguyen). The end of Feudalism had started and progressed each day as the plague claimed more lives. As the days went on people wondered, if they needed to change the way they lived or worshipped God. Many found that if they continued to live and worship as they had for centuries, the plague was not being pacified (Clay). This caused many people to abandon the way of life that they were accustomed to and chose a life that contrasted with social norms. A large group of people, desperate to point their fingers at someone, alleged and accused many different ‘groups’ which included ‘witches,’ lepers and Jews (Clay). In central Europe, the flagellants convincingly charged the Jews. On a tragic day in Strasbourg alone, over 8,000 Jews were killed for being the target of vain suspicions (). This quote shows just how the mind of Europeans changed: â€Å"Many were uncertain about the cause of this great mortality. In some places, they believed that the Jews had poisoned the worlds, and so they killed them. In some other areas, that it was a deformity of the poor, so they chased them out; in others, that it was the nobles, and so they [the nobles] hesitated to go out into the world. Finally, it reached the point where guards were posted in cities and towns, and they permitted no one to enter, unless he was well known. And if they found anyone with powders or unguents, they made him swallow them, fearing that these might be poisons (Clay, 2-3)†. Someone who survived the plague wrote â€Å"Everyone appeared to be rich because they had survived and regained value in life. Now, no one knows how to put their life back in order†(Clay, 3). No one knew how to put their life back together after the plague hit. When all the chaos died down and order was restored, the society was much different than what it once was. The disease did not discriminate; it killed people from all different social classes. The peasants now saw that everyone was made up of the same flesh, even though who once ruled over them. This epiphany led the serfs see the inequality of the system and they saw it as unfair and unjust (Clay, 3). â€Å"Because of all the affliction and misery there was much lawbreaking and because most of the law enforcers had also been hit by the plague there was not much that was done about it (Clay, 3). † This quote shows just how their mentality was changing. Lawbreakers could not be stopped especially by the lords and so once peasants realized all ties could be broken, they gained a new level of freedom (Clay, 4). Peasants and lord relationships were not the only thing that changed; individuals in the same social circle were forced to interact with one another differently. As a result of so many deaths, women were now being served by male servants and it did not matter if they were of noble birth or not. Men serving women was something taboo and unheard of before the plague, but the disease made that change. Noble women had to a find a different lifestyle under normal circumstances, these women would have been dishonored and shunned but this was not the case. Economic Effects All the death that fell upon Europe created a major labor shortage. It was a dominos affect, if the plague hit an area or manor in the summer, there wouldn’t be enough serfs to harvest the crops in the fall. If it hit in the winter, there wasn’t enough workers to plant new crops in the spring (â€Å"The Black Death, 1348†). So inevitably there wasn’t any one left on farm and maintain the land. The one’s who did withstand the plague, moved else-where for better wages (â€Å"The Black Death, 1348†). Not only did it affect the farms, it hurt businesses or building projects. Cathedral that usually were beautiful and performed weekly services were left eerily empty with no priests to conduct services. The barons did not have enough knights and serfs to cater to them and so many manors were abandoned. When someone dies normally, there would be a service and immediately be buried, well that didn’t happen during the Black Death era. No one was left to bury the dead. Citizens, lower and middle classes were scared, they stayed in the homes believing they would be safe. The shelter did not stop the disease from entering and since they were poor they did not get the care and attention they needed and most of them died (â€Å"The Black Death, 1348†). Instead of suffering, many decided to take their own lives and committed suicide in the street; others died in their homes but only found because their neighbors smelled the decaying body. Dead bodies were everywhere on every corner and in every home that wasn’t abandoned (â€Å"The Black Death, 1348†). â€Å"Most of them were treated in the same manner by the survivors, who were more concerned to get rid of their rotting bodies than moved by charity towards the dead. With the aid of porters, if they could get them, they carried the bodies out of the houses and laid them at the door; where every morning quantities of the dead might be seen. They then were laid on biers or, as these were often lacking, on tables† (â€Å"The Black Death, 1348†). Bodies upon bodies were brought to the church every day and almost every hour so it was impossible to give them a proper burial especially since they wanted to bury each person in the family grave, according to the old custom (â€Å"The Black Death, 1348†). â€Å"Although the cemeteries were full they were forced to dig huge trenches, where they buried the bodies by hundreds. Here they stowed them away like bales in the hold of a ship and covered them with a little earth, until the whole trench was full† (â€Å"The Black Death, 1348†). Cultural Effects The plague not only affected humans it also impacted the arts. In the Medieval period, people had concentrated mainly on the Church, God, and personal salvation. The plague was evident in paintings, sculptures, and architecture, everything was centered on death. The arrival of plague â€Å"harkened in a new darker era of painting. Paintings were overflowing with tortured souls, death, dying, fire and brimstone† (â€Å"The Effect of Black Death on Art and Artists in the Medieval Period†). Thousands of painters, craftsmen, patrons of the arts died during the plague. The disease tore a hole in the heart of the cultural world. The effects of the plague were lasting, bringing a somber darkness to visual art, literature, and music (â€Å"The Effect of Black Death on Art and Artists in the Medieval Period†). Writers and painters imaginations became dark and gloomy. The unknowing survival created a atmosphere of gloom and doom influencing artist to move away from optimistic themes and turn to images of Hell, Satan and the Grim Reaper (â€Å"The Effect of Black Death on Art and Artists in the Medieval Period†). Many painters simply gave up art with the idea that it was hopeless to try and create beauty in a hellish world. The Decameron by Boccaccio, a collection of medieval tales and folklore is the most famous literary work that came from that time period (â€Å"The Black Death†). The collection is set in the Italian countryside where aristocrats, fleeing the Plague as it ravages Florence, are stranded without their usual entertainments. To pass the time, they tell each other stories, from which Boccaccio harvested a rich storehouse of traditional narrative. The Decameron eventually became the foundation for many other Renaissance works, including several of Shakespeare’s plays (â€Å"The Black Death†). Positive Consequences It’s hard to find positive in so much death but the plague actually helped in a few ways. First being manpower, because of the shortages, manpower had so much more value. Peasants weren’t readily available in large numbers so the ones still alive found themselves in high demand (â€Å"The Black Death†). The ones who had all the power, kings and dukes, now found themselves bargaining with laborers over working conditions, and also the lower class were able to demand better pay for their services (â€Å"The Black Death†). Also, serfdom was terminated, so those peasants that were slaves and tied to the land were no longer obligated to farm and serve. And one other positive result of the bubonic plague was the development of medicine as a science in the West. Islamic doctors had advocating general cleanliness and the value of studying anatomy but Western healers prior to the black death were still using practices like the theory of humors (â€Å"The Black Death†). But when Plague wiped out nearly all the doctors of Europe, because the doctors had to attend to the dying and because of this were exposed at a higher rate to the more virulent pneumonic form of Plague. With so many doctors dying, it created a change in both personnel and precept (â€Å"The Black Death†). Strangely, western medicine owes much to plague. Conclusion The Black Death started in 1347 and continued for a full five years, this devastating plague spread throughout Europe, leaving more than twenty million people dead. The consequences to Europe were profound. Besides immeasurable death, traditional medieval society broke, the economies were fractured, and art and literature took a turn from light to dark. Though it spread throughout Europe, the Black Death was world-shattering and shows how even the smallest of things, the microbial world, can at times steer the course of human civilization.

Friday, August 16, 2019

Opinion on the novel The Zahir

The Zahir Life, happiness, love, loss, and obsession characterize the latest novel that I have read – The Zahir written by the Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho. The title itself revealed an interesting feeling and curiosity to the readers. The term â€Å"Zahir† comes from the Islamic tradition which means visible and incapable of going unnoticed. This international bestseller novel is a piece of art full of surprises and mysteries.The tory is about the narrator, a bestselling novelist who lived by enjoying all the pleasures and privileges – money, fame, power, and celebrity brings. For unknown reasons, he was abandoned by his own wife named Esther, a war-correspondent. The simple language used by the writer is so powerful and persuasive that would allow readers to feel the intensity of the scenes. Moreover, the writer used the first- person point of view to provoke effectively emotional situations. Paulo Coelho also ade use of imagery.As an adventurous person, I app reciate most the narrator's pilgrimage. I felt like I was also traveling by reading the narrator's search for his own self and wife from Paris to Kazakhstan. Along the Journey with special significance, the novel showed virtues like generosity to the poor, spirituality, patience, love, respect and knowing oneself to have genuine happiness. Finally in the later part, the narrator was able to meet Esther and whether to stay with him or not lies in her ecisions.I can say that the ending is worth reading and waiting because of the enjoying tension. After reading the whole story, I can deduce that the author is someone who is full of experiences and wisdom; and maybe he's also in search for something very significant. The Zahir represents a human experience†¦ after reading it, readers would learn again how to love and forgive in an unselfish way, and most especially, how to live life to the fullest.

Thursday, August 15, 2019

Challenges Are Increasing For Rural Land Users Environmental Sciences Essay

About one fifth of the universe ‘s population live in absolute poorness, each populating on less than one US dollar a twenty-four hours ( Jess, 2000 ) . Rural land-users in many developing countries are confronting increasing challenges in their daily lives ( Francis, 2000 ) . Climate alteration can convey both positive and negative impacts on different land users through exposing husbandmans and rural families to new and unfamiliar conditions ( Osbahr et al. , 2008 ) . These hazards and impacts of clime alteration around the universe are progressively recognised as important factors associating to nutrient security, poverty-reduction and sustainable development ( Osbahr et al. , 2008 ) . A support comprises of people, their capablenesss and their agencies of life, including nutrient income and assets ( Chambers and Conway, 1991 ) . Livelihoods go environmentally sustainable when they maintain or heighten the local and planetary assets on which they depend on, which has benefit effects for others and their supports ( Chambers and Conway, 1991 ) . This essay will discourse how climate alteration can impact people ‘s life styles in rural communities and how rural communities can go more sustainable. It will so travel onto talk about how exposure is increased and/or decreased when clime is changed. This essay will concentrate on countries within Asia and Africa who are thought to be the most vulnerable to the impacts of clime variableness and alteration ( Challinor et al. , 2007 ) . Asia and Africa were chosen as instance surveies as agribusiness plays a dominant function in back uping rural supports and economic growing ( Challinor et al. , 2007 ) . ( Singh, 2010 ) states that: â€Å" A support comprises the capablenesss, assets ( including both stuff and societal resources ) and activities require by the agencies of life. A support is sustainable when it can get by with and retrieve from emphasiss and dazes and maintain or heighten its capablenesss and assets both now and in the hereafter, while non sabotaging the natural resource base † . Majority of old surveies have shown a negative impact relationship between clime alteration and harvest productiveness in Africa and Asia ( Challinor et al. , 2007 ) . Over 850 million people in the universe are undernourished. It is hence of import to guarantee that the new attacks contribute to improved agricultural productiveness and that they help increase the hapless people ‘s entree to nutrient. A figure of factors lead to impairment, within rural supports. Expansion of agribusiness combined with unsustainable and natural resource direction practises such as over graze, over cultivation, nutrition inputs, hapless irrigation practises and deforestation, frequently induced by population force per unit area and break of societal systems cause this decay ( Ziervogel and Calder, 2003 ) . For rural supports to go genuinely sustainable, it is non adequate for little husbandmans to bring forth merely plenty nutrient for place ingestion as the costs for production in a smaller far m are similar to that of a larger commercial farm ( Pretty et al. , 2003 ) . About a 3rd of the universe ‘s population lives in countries where fresh H2O is scarce or difficult to acquire because of hapless substructure. This job is quickly acquiring worse for deficiency of the political will and concerted attempt needed to accomplish sustainable direction of the universe ‘s finite H2O supplies. Poorer people are most at hazard of clime alteration dazes and there are a scope of poverty-related clime alteration impacts, including decrease of harvest outputs due to a lessening in H2O handiness, major impacts on nutrient security, employment, income and economic growing, a immense supplanting of people and the exposure of 1000000s of people to wellness hazard ( Schnoor, 2007 ) . Climate alteration will worsen the looming H2O crisis, as lifting temperatures and more fickle rainfall in many parts drive up demand for irrigation ( Pretty et al. , 2003 ) . Together, H2O scarceness and clime alteration will present great adversity for many people in many w ays. But most ruinous of all are the expected impacts on planetary capacity to bring forth adequate nutrient. Within 40 old ages, the universe will hold another 2.5 billion people to feed, most of them in developing states. Given that one liter of H2O is used to bring forth one Calorie of nutrient, it will take up to 6,000 three-dimensional kilometers of extra H2O yearly – about twice the sum used for nutrient production today – to feed those people 2,500 Calories daily ( Pretty et al. , 2003 ) . The lone solution is to do agricultural usage of H2O far more productive and efficient than it is today. Two ways of making this are, foremost, to renovate old and ignored irrigation systems and, 2nd, better rain fed agribusiness through better dirt direction and expanded usage of H2O harvest home and auxiliary irrigation. New higher giving harvest assortments that tolerate utmost conditions, like drouth and implosion therapy, can besides assist ( Schild, 2010 ) . Eradication of utmost poorness and hungriness is among the eight Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) for sustainable development ( Haile, 2005 ) . Food security means entree to alimentary nutrient through direct nutrient production by the agriculture family and/or through increased ability to buy ( economic entree ) a assortment of nutrients from household income. Infertile dirts are a major cause of poorness and hungriness Africa ( Haile, 2005 ) stemming from bad agriculture patterns. He farther stressed that hapless agriculture patterns deplete dirt of basic foods needed by harvests and deplete dirt organic affair and water-holding capacity, which can finally decreased output in more than 75 % of farming area. Increased quality of natural capital, the land, leads to increased nutrient and income security, which are requirements for family wellness security ( Peters, 2006 ) . This implies that families with secure nutrient and income can afford medical and balanced diet disbursals for family members. In add-on, increased households income contributes to buying power for alimentary nutrients non produced on the farm. Conservation of H2O, through infiltration into the dirt, contributes to protection of the quality of H2O beginnings, which indirectly contributes to a decrease in wellness hazards that arise from the waterborne diseases ( Peters, 2002 ) . Figure: Analytic and intervention conceptual model for development of incorporate and sustainable direction of natural capital ( Malley et al. , 2009 ) Rural families in Africa and Asia tend to trust a great trade on climate-sensitive resources such as local H2O supplies and agricultural land. These climate-sensitive activities such as cultivable agriculture and farm animal farmings along with natural resources such as fuel wood and wild herbs are what they dependant on for mundane lives ( Haile, 2005 ) . Climate alteration can cut down the handiness of these local natural resources, restricting the options for rural families that depend on natural resources for ingestion or trade ( Haile, 2005 ) . In many developing states nutrient production has non kept up with population growing. Pressure on bing cultivated land in China has led to dirty exhaustion and eroding, doing an addition dependence in external fertilizers and pesticides to keep production in more intensive, sawed-off rotary motion systems ( Crucefix, 1998 ) . The productiveness of land, incomes and the coherence of society are closely linked in rural communities anyplace around the universe. Where land becomes unproductive, rural depopulation occurs which may farther worsen productiveness and change the gender and age balance of rural communities ( Crucefix, 1998 ) . Crucefix ( 1998 ) states that environmental harm seen as a consequence of agricultural actions in developing states consists of: Table: Environmental Damage Impacts in Developing States Parameter Environmental Damage Impacts Soil eroding Low productiveness, salt, H2O keeping capacity Sediment harm Reservoir siltation, increased pilotage channel siltation, inundations, addition costs of route care, habitat debasement Over irrigation Depletion of groundwater, H2O logging, salinisation Agrochemical harm Worker wellness, H2O taint, H2O choking, cost of cleansing harm Soil compression Soil productiveness, harder to cultivate Deforestation Soil eroding, harvest harm from high air currents Wetland drainage Decreased H2O purification, familial diverseness drainage Air pollution Odour, fume, H2O safety ( Crucefix, 1998 ) Africa Asia Water Frequent Droughts Frequent low H2O storage in reservoirs and lakes Frequent inundations Increase in H2O emphasis due to climate alteration and increased demand Disappearing glaciers cut down summer watercourse flow of most big rivers Increase H2O deficit during dry season Higher inundation hazard during monsoon season Increase H2O emphasis due to increase population growing Higher per capita H2O demand Agribusiness Severe impact on nutrient production and security Agribusiness will go unsustainable in semi waterless countries Increased poorness of little graduated table farms Changing seasons will do agribusiness more hard ( e.g. seeding day of the months ) Less predictable H2O handiness will do agribusiness more hard Increased clime variableness will increase the figure of harvest failures due to inundations or drouths Agricultural production probably to better where there is rainfall Likely addition of both diseases and plagues impacting both works and carnal production systems Farming production in low lying coastal countries will be affected by increased implosion therapy and salt H2O invasion Ecosystems / Biodiversity Most natural ecosystems will be affected: However impacts are ill-defined due to miss of informations Biodiversity in Highlandss of Africa threatened 25-40 % of big mammal species in National Parks will go endangered Desertification probably to increase due to combined menaces of clime alteration and unsustainable land usage Large parts of the biodiversity at hazard ; although detailed analyses are missing Forest fires have increased over the last 20years due to higher temperatures Speciess with low migration rates could go nonextant and flora zones could vanish Health Increased malaria hazard due to warmer temperatures Increased H2O borne diseases to increase drouths and inundations Higher temperatures and decreased H2O handiness can increase hazards of cholera and other diseases related to bad sanitation Frequent inundations can increase the hazard of imbibing H2O taint Higher temperatures in combination with increased wood fires and urbanization will cut down are quality and increase respiratory diseases Likely addition in malnutrition and diarrhea in poorer states Increased hazard of vector borne diseases, several diseases like Malaria will spread out into new countries which were antecedently non affected Table: Projected impacts of clime alteration in different sectors in Asiatic and African states ( Ludwig et al. , 2007 ) The tabular array above shows how climate alteration can impact parts of Asia and Africa at different degrees and different sectors. As we can see both states suffer at different graduated tables which means both continents will near sustainability otherwise. While Africa chiefly suffers drouths, Asia suffers from deluging, peculiarly in the monsoon season. Vulnerability when confronting clime alteration mirrors people ‘s marginalization within society. Climate alteration affected people who are disproportionally strained from the sections of the society which are continually marginalised in day-to-day life ( Gaillard, 2010 ) . Climate alteration has significant deductions for rural development in the Asia-Pacific part. A huge bulk of the population live in rural countries and depend to a great extent on agribusiness, forestry, piscaries, farm animal and other clime sensitive sectors ( Schild, 2010 ) . Climate alteration poses a serious menace to supports and nutrient security, every bit good as heightening hazards and exposures through the increased frequence of natural catastrophes and utmost conditions events. It has now been clearly established that clime alteration, together with an increasing demand for fresh water, will increase H2O emphasis in many Asia-Pacific states, peculiarly in South Asia. This will be critically of import to agricultural production, nutrient security, and rural development in the hereafter ( Assan et al. , 2009 ) . Increasing H2O emphasis combined with increasing uncertainness and utmost conditions events will impact nutrient production and will heighten nutrient insecurity across the full South Asiatic part. The impact of clime alteration can increase the exposure of rural supports by adversely impacting their wellness and manner of life, which therefore undermines growing chances ( Dasgupta and Baschieri, 2010 ) . One of the major impacts of clime alteration to rural communities is the hazard of deluging. Rural people are more vulnerable during high rainfall, heat moving ridges, storms and drouths. This is because there entree to communicating, safety and AID is limited compared to an urban country enduring the same events. Health is one of the chief impacts during clime induced events as there is an addition in deceases and high rates of diseases which can happen during events such as heat moving ridges. The best manner to accommodate to these kinds of issues is to hold disease surveillance and control systems, entree to better wellness installations and exigency alleviation systems. In the face of climate-related environmental alteration, such as the diminution of productive agricultural land, rural occupants may be forced to migrate in hunt of work. Migrants who find work frequently remit parts of their salary back place ( Haile, 2005 ) . Their households in the place communities may utilize the remittals to purchase replacements for goods antecedently produced or harvested from the local environm ent. For illustration, boughten nutrient may replace for nutrient antecedently grown on homestead secret plans ( Haile, 2005 ) . Global heating, will probably do possible harvest outputs in most of the African and Asiatic parts to worsen. Overall clime alteration is expected to decelerate the growing of universe nutrient production, ensuing in higher nutrient monetary values and adding force per unit area to hapless people as affordability will curtail them from purchasing such goods. Change in rainfall has had an impact on H2O beginnings and handiness, every bit good as agricultural production ( Msangi, 2007 ) . This has led to increased exposure in nutrient and H2O security, with direct impacts to wellness such as nutrition and water-borne unwellness along with poorness. In Africa, where communities have ever been vulnerable to H2O scarceness, decreased rainfall has created a desperate state of affairs for entree to H2O and production of rain-fed harvests ( Msangi, 2007 ) . In thi s part, the capriciousness of rainfall has made agricultural production, the chief beginning of income, hard and unreliable. Here H2O is more abundant and the alteration in rainfall has been debatable for agricultural production due to increased eroding and silting instead than H2O handiness. The implosion therapy in southern parts of Africa is by and large a merchandise of cyclones ( Msangi, 2007 ) . While cyclones have been debatable in Africa, the perceptual experience continues to stand those cyclones, inundations, and drouths which are all portion of a natural rhythm ( Devereux, 2007 ) and hence inundations are viewed as holding damaging effects to nutrient stocks in cyclone old ages and good effects to agricultural production in the old ages following cyclones. However, deposit ( increased by a figure of factors, deluging being one ) has been seen to hold a important negative impact on the marine environment and hence fish populations ( Eakin and Appendini, 2008 ) . Increased nutrient insecurity is the most noteworthy exposure for communities in all three parts. Traditional unfastened ridge patterns are used to increase dirt productiveness through better soil-water direction, to heighten dirt birthrate, increase harvest rooting deepness and ease organic affair incorporation ( Muchena et al. , 2005 ) . Traditional open-ridge patterns increase dirt surface raggedness, which helps to cut down dirt eroding by H2O and air current. However, husbandmans do non cultivate the unfastened ridges on contour lines, which lead to accelerated dirt, H2O and alimentary loses from the system during short heavy rainfall, making gullies along the unfastened furrows ( Muchena et al. , 2005 ) . Degradation of natural resources is a major enemy of little husbandmans in developing states. Menaces to the agro ecosystem come in many signifiers such as dirt eroding, compression, nutrition depletion, acidification, shriveling and contaminated H2O supplies, loss of flora screen, decreased biodiversity, planetary clime alteration and greater susceptibleness of harvests to plagues and diseases ( Clover and Eriksen, 2009 ) . Some of these jobs are acute and extremely seeable, while others are more chronic and elusive. Resource debasement has a major impact of rural communities as they can sabotage husbandman ‘s ability to vie in the market. Increased workss per unit country and enhanced dirt productiveness increased harvest outputs. Increased works figure is the consequence of seting cross ridges, which reduces land wastage caused by unfastened furrows ( Malley et al. , 2009 ) . Soil productiveness is the overall status necessary for optimal harvest productiveness, which includ es handiness of foods, absence of harvest toxicity, and handiness of dirt H2O ( Prowse, 2009 ) . The acquisition, development, and bringing of agricultural engineerings to smallholder husbandmans, every bit good as timely public market information to assist stabilise markets, are among the precedences of a new docket for market development in Africa ( Mignouna et al. , 2008 ) . New engineering has shown to take straight to higher incomes for local farms and landless rural families which can assist hike the local economic system. New intensive production engineerings ( including acceptance of genetically modified harvests ) can assist to increase outputs and cut down losingss cut downing the exposure of rural communities giving them a consistent beginning of income ( Mignouna et al. , 2008 ) . The chief factors which characterise a typical rural conveyance environment are low population densenesss, low degrees of economic activity ( and therefore low incomes ) , low vehicle ownership degrees ( of any description, including non-motorised vehicles ) , inferior proviso of roads ( both quality and measure ) , and near absence of regular conveyance services ( Bryceson et al. , 2008 ) . Given these hard conditions, travel still takes topographic point though at really low degrees of engagement by comparing with urban communities where vehicles are of the norm ( Plessis-Fraissard, 2007 ) . Transport development may convey in its challenge the job of environmental debasement. It is obvious that debasement is non merely an urban job, connected with the high volumes of traffic ( air pollution, noise and rupture ) . Rural route building can hold overmastering ill-effects on, for illustration, incline stableness, eroding and natural drainage forms. Of these, eroding is thought to hold the major environmental impact. Extenuation steps to command eroding can be included in the designs ( e.g. appropriate drainage channels and culverts ) every bit good as in the execution ( e.g. rapidly set uping flora on open inclines ) ( Bryceson et al. , 2003 ) . The method of execution may besides lend to cut down environmental harm ; therefore labour-based ( as opposed to heavy machinery ) operations may be better deployed due to the greater preciseness and sensitiveness of application that is possible. The indirect environmental impacts of rural conveyance development are much less easy to foretell, because they are likely to be of a long term nature ( Jacobs and Greaves, 2003 ) . Changes in land-use may ensue from the greater handiness due to improved roads and services. Roads which have been used to uncover rain woods of Africa have encouraged the development of settled agriculture communities, but at the disbursal of the autochthonal peoples ‘ supports, and at the dis bursal of the natural ecology ( Plessis-Fraissard, 2007 ) . Nevertheless, roads besides better support results through better entree to natural assets and direction of forest resources which can assist bring forth higher income and aid communities boost their supports in the long term. Figure: Cause-effect theoretical account of dirt productiveness diminution in Africa ( Malley et al. , 2009 ) Figure 2 above shows how insecurity or rural supports can alter with unsustainable land direction. To go more sustainable we must incorporate natural procedures such as alimentary rhythms, N repair, dirt regeneration and natural enemies of plagues into nutrient production procedures ( Brent and Mulder, 2005 ) . We must besides understate the usage of non-renewable resources inputs such as coal, Diesel and wood which mostly damage the environment and harm the wellness of husbandmans ( Pretty et al. , 2003 ) . Valuable usage of cognition and accomplishments of local husbandmans can besides be good as it can assist better ego trust and replacing human capital for dearly-won inputs, can assist cut down outgo which can be spent on other points. Poor rural communities must besides work together to reply basic agricultural and natural resource jobs such as the decrease of plagues, watershed, and cutting back irrigation, or utilizing different H2O systems which uses H2O in a more sustainable mode ( Schild, 2010 ) . Improvements in the efficiency of H2O usage can profit both irrigated and rain Federal husbandmans by leting new or once debauched lands to be brought under agriculture, and to increase cropping strength on bing lands ( Pretty et al. , 2003 ) . Intensification boosts the productiveness of land and labor, through higher harvest outputs, better on-farm food cycling and more effectual plague control. Fragile environments, upon which hapless husbandmans depend on for life, require particular attending. Areas such as hill inclines can be really productive if they are cultivated good and decently managed. Previous surveies have shown that improved H2O keeping has resulted in H2O tabular arraies by lifting approximately 1m over 3 to 4 old ages, in some topographic points around Africa ( Martin, 2004 ) . This shows that husbandmans can go more productive as they are now able to works a excess harvest in, doing an unproductive season into a productive season ( Pretty et al. , 2003 ) . In topographic points such as Sub Saharan Africa, H2O harvest home is besides transforming bare lands. This method is ideal as it is non to complex and dearly-won, which means husbandmans will greatly profit from this type of engineering ( Pretty et al. , 2003 ) . Successful rainwater reaping techniques have improved H2O infiltration, reduced run-off and increased H2O keeping capacities of dirts ( Challinor et al. , 2007 ) . Agroforestry has besides been an attack which has become well-liked in rural countries. Agroforestry is an incorporate method of utilizing the synergistic benefits from uniting trees and bushs with harvests and/or farm animal. It combines agricultural and forestry engineerings to make more diverse, productive, profitable, healthy and sustainable land-use systems ( Leakey et al. , 2005 ) . An of import support plus for the sweetening of sustainability of supports is societal capital. Social capital comprise of societal relationships in webs wit h shared norms, values and understanding that facilitate cooperation within or among group. Basic beginnings of societal capital root from three types of connexion: bonding, bridging and linking ( Bebbington, 1997 ) . A diminution in the quality of natural capital assets leads to scarcenesss for supports of people who depend on them ( Bebbington, 1999 ) . When resources scarcenesss occur, societal struggle over scarce resources emerges and tends to escalate among members of a community and between communities utilizing the resources ( Paavola, 2008 ) . This implies that sustainable direction of the quality of natural capital assets contributes to bar of societal struggles and enhances societal security, an plus necessary for secured supports. Improved societal dealingss provided capital for development of improved incorporate ridge cultivated land patterns and farther inspired local invention, such as usage of Big Dippers for the improved incorporate ridge cultivated land system. Re cognition and regard for local cognition, accomplishments, patterns and advanced capacities by professionals and governments improves societal dealingss in the development procedure and leads to societal security ( Bebbington, 1997 ) . This suggests that valuing locally available human capital assets such cognition, accomplishments, experience and patterns in bing support systems is a necessary starting point for societal security and development of improved engineerings, inventions, systems and patterns for sustainable development ( Paavola, 2008 ) . Agribusiness remains the anchor of many African economic systems, stand foring about 57 % of entire employment and 17 % of the gross domestic merchandise ( Greed, 2004 ) . Africa is the lone part of the universe where per capita nutrient grain end product has declined over the past four decennaries, necessitating the continent to import 25 % of its nutrient grain demands. Farm inputs, such as chemical fertilisers and pesticides, are prohibitively expensive and, where used, carry attendant homo and environmental wellness concerns as a consequence of toxic condition and pollution ( Bryan et al. , 2009 ) . A secure environment is necessary for human security and sustainable development. Environmental security is when the ecosystem and environment are able to back up a healthy chase of life, autonomy and felicity by present and future coevalss ( Greed, 2004 ) . This means that environmental security has positive effects on support security today and in the hereafter. Increased dirt and H 2O preservation, organic C and dirt birthrate are positive results of more sustainable usage and direction of natural capital for secured rural supports. Infiltration of H2O into the dirt prevents losingss of dirt, H2O and foods ( Greed, 2004 ) . Losingss are the procedures through which quality of the natural capital, the land, is depleted. Furthermore, infiltrated H2O serves as a beginning of belowground H2O available for harvests use during H2O emphasis. Sustainability can be improved by incorporating ridge cultivated land patterns which can cut down harvest H2O emphasis in periods of drawn-out non-rainfall. This implies that ridge cultivated land pattern is of import in dirt H2O direction. First, when there is extra H2O, it drains into basins/furrows ; 2nd, when there is moisture emphasis, conserved H2O in the undersoil supports works growing through capillary motion to the root zone ; and 3rd, integrated organic residues in the dirt addition humus, which, in bend, improves dirt H2O and alimentary keeping capacity ( Clover and Eriksen, 2009 ) . Humus can be indispensable for increasing dirt wet and foods keeping and heightening the buffering capacity of the dirt ( Bryan et al. , 2009 ) . Previous surveies have shown that, humus can keep four to five times more available H2O than mineral dirts. Increases in dirt organic C and foods build up under improved incorporate ridge cultivated land patterns, taking to increased security of natural capital, which has deductions for overall security of the production environment and rural family supports ( Bryan et al. , 2009 ) . Soil wellness is cardinal for agricultural sustainability, yet is under widespread menace from debasement procedures. Agricultural sustainability starts with the dirt by seeking both to cut down dirt eroding and to do betterments to dirty physical construction, organic affair content, water-holding capacity and alimentary balances ( Pretty et al. , 2003 ) . Soil wellness is improved through th e usage of leguminous plants, green manures and screen harvests, incorporation of workss with the capacity to let go of phosphate from the dirt into rotary motions, usage of composts and animate being manures, acceptance of zero-tillage, and usage of inorganic fertilizers where needed ( Zhen et al. , 2006 ) . Biomass to dirty well improves dirt organic affair content, and has helped to increase cereal productiveness for some 45,000 households in Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua ( Muchena et al. , 2005 ) . Table: Potential Benefits of Sustainable Agribusiness Potential Benefits of Sustainable Agribusiness Parameter Agribusiness Environment Social Conditionss Economic Conditionss Organisational/institutional ( After Crucefix, 1998 ) While clime alteration has been presenting dangerous challenges, it has besides formed new chances for rural supports through improved direction of natural ecosystems and their services. Rural development continues to be a very critical precedence for the full Asia and Africa part as they are one of the major suppliers of nutrient. The rural sector will stay the most of import sector for back uping bulk of people in both Asia and Africa, even with the addition in rapid urbanization. Knowledge and information sharing within the communities and obtaining cognition from other beginnings, about sustainable agriculture practises, natural catastrophes and climatic events, can assist construct the resiliency to local rural supports and communities to climate alteration. Migration is one of many endurance schemes besides used by rural families in times of environmental emphasis. Other survival schemes include utilizing nutrient militias, seeking local nonfarm employment, selling farm animal, borrowing nutrient, or selling family and farm equipment. Still, one time these support options are exhausted, people frequently migrate to a new country. Increased agricultural sustainability can besides be complementary to betterments in rural people ‘s supports. It can present additions in nutrient production at comparatively low cost, plus contribute to other of import maps such as sustainable H2O use and dirt eroding decrease. If these attacks are widely adopted, they would do a important impact on rural people ‘s supports, every bit good as on local and regional nutrient security. Bettering agricultural sustainability clearly will non reply the full inquiry, but advancement from recent old ages can hold the sustainability of present and future supports. With farther support, peculiarly through international, national and local policy reforms, the benefits to nutrient security and aid, development to natural, societal and human capital will assist increase the figu re of husbandmans and rural people in the hereafter. Adaption and extenuation schemes should assist cut down poorness and at the same clip must profit the most vulnerable communities without harming the environment. Notifying supports about clime alteration impacts, exposure forms, get bying and adaptative capacity every bit good as easing location precise adaptation and extenuation practises are of cardinal concern within Africa and Asia.