Social Identity Theory and Realistic Group Conflict Theory Essay Example

Social Identity Theory and Realistic Group Conflict Theory Paper A group comprises two or more individuals, who interact with each other, share common goals, are interdependent and acknowledge their formation as a group. People join groups for several reasons. Amongst these reasons are, for interpersonal needs, support and commitment and group synergy. Interpersonal needs include ones desire for inclusion, where the individual is desirous of establishing an identity with others, which is often used as a way of self-verification. Individuals need affection and joining a group is an excellent way of establishing relationships and making friends. Another component of interpersonal needs, is a sense of control, where the individual wants to prove his/her abilities and being in a group serves as an outlet to demonstrate these abilities. Support and commitment is important to an individual, as he/she may want to undertake a project but finds that he/she would be far more motivated, if working in a group. Also, the support given to each group member, by the other members reinforces commitment to the project being undertaken. Group Synergy refers to the idea that two or more heads are better than one, and that groups are more capable of producing higher quality work than the individual would. Group Synergy also recognizes that groups make better decisions than individuals. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Identity Theory and Realistic Group Conflict Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Identity Theory and Realistic Group Conflict Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Identity Theory and Realistic Group Conflict Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Groups go through five (5) stages of development. It is important to note that to move from one stage to another can only be achieved on the basis of the success of the goals of the preceding stage. The first stage is forming. At this primary level, group members come together and each individual collects data about the similarities and differences of the other members. The major task of forming is orientation, where its members become oriented to the group task(s) as well as each other. Discussion is centered on the approach(es), as well as similar concerns about the task(s). The second stage is storming. As the groups members attempt to organize the task(s), conflict is inevitable, due to personal beliefs or ideas. At this stage, members compromise their own beliefs to suit the groups organization. Because of fear of exposure or failure, there will be an increased desire for structural clarification and commitment. Questions concerning leadership and responsibility roles arise during this stage, as well as the reward system and criteria for evaluation. Once these concerns are addressed, the group moves on to the third stage, norming. Norming is characterized by cohesion. At this stage, members are concerned about problem solving and are willing to change preconceived ideas, on the basis of facts which are presented by other members and actively ask questions of one another. During this stage, members begin to identify with one another and acknowledge that the group is working in a unit. This contributes to the development of group cohesion. Assuming that the goal(s) of the three preceding stages are accomplished, the group moves on to stage four, which is performing. At this level, the need for group approval is past and members are capable of working independently, in sub-groups or as total unit with equal facility. Group unity is complete, morale is high and loyalty is intense. There is support in problem-solving and an emphasis on achievement. The final stage, adjourning, involves the termination of tasks and disengagement from relationships. Members are recognized and acknowledged for their contribution, participation and achievement, and are now ready to part company and disintegrate as a single unit. Social Identity Theory and Realistic Group Conflict Theory have different assumptions about the nature of groups. Social Identity Theory was developed by Henri Tajfel and John Turner in 1979 and 3 central ideas; categorization, identification and comparison. In order to understand our social environment, one has to categorize individuals. For example, to classify an individual as a black person is quite vague. However, when the same individual is classified as Jamaican, teacher or Baptist, the individual takes on a clearer meaning. Identification carries two meanings. At times, individuals may refer to themselves as we versus them and at other times I versus him/her. This indicates that there are times when individuals think of themselves as members of a group and times when the individuals think of themselves as a single unit. When individuals refer to themselves as we, the we represents the individuals in-group, or group to which the individual belongs to. When the individual refers to them, the them is the out-group, or group that the individual does not belong to. The final component of Social Identity Theory is social comparison. Individuals need to feel good about them themselves and so in the context of being part of the in-group, the individual seeks to maximize the difference between the in-group and the out-group so that the in-group is always reflected in a more positive light than then out-group. In 1971, Tajfel et al conducted an experiment which they called the Minimal Group Experiment. This experiment was conducted to ascertain whether competition was a necessary condition for ethnocentrism, the belief that ones in-group is superior to ones out-group. The experiment used a group of Bristol school boys as its subjects. These boys were show slide projections with varying numbers of dots. The boys were told that there some people in the group who were under estimators and over estimators of the dots being displayed. The second task involved splitting the boys into two groups, which they were made to think that one group consisted of over estimators and the other group consisted of under estimators. What the boys did not know, was that in actuality, they were selected randomly. The task was to allocate points redeemable for money. What was discovered was that in-group favoritism was displayed even though each boy did not know who the other in-group members were. They still allocated more points to members of the in-group. Even though these same boys were linked in various ways, through sport teams or as neighbors, this did not have any meaning or impact on the way they allocated points and demonstrated in-group bias. A second experiment was conducted to endorse the findings of the preceding experiment. The boys were shown a series of paintings by two artists, Klee and Kadinsky. They were asked to choose their preference and were then divided into two groups. Again, the boys were unaware that the groups were not being divided according to artist preference. Again, the boys demonstrated in-group favoritism by allocating more points to in-group members. Based on these two experiments, Tajfel concluded that indeed, by categorizing the boys into meaningless groups caused blatant discrimination. A more recent display of Social Identity Theory in action is the of the Serbs uniting in solidarity to support their leader Slobodan Milosevic as he went before the International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia. While Milosevics policies had contributed to brutal war, economic ruin and widespread corruption, Serbs saw themselves as a group/nation going to trial, instead of Milosevic as an individual on trial. The trial came across as a threat to Serbs as a unit. They could not escape the social identity of being a serb, so the best mechanism they could use was to categorize themselves and distance themselves from the out-group, which are western countries. Realistic Group Conflict Theory is the idea that prejudice sometimes stems from competition between groups for scarce resources. In 1961, Sherif et al, set up the Robbers Cave Experiment. This experiment was a summer camp which consisted of 22 boys from similar backgrounds and family structure, who were all Caucasian. The boys were not acquainted prior to the camp, so they were allowed to get acquainted with each other, by sharing in various activities. The boys were then split into two groups; the Rattlers and the Eagles. Each group independently engaged in their own activities, which led to a more intimate relationship, where they had developed codes, jargon and nicknames. The next stage involved pitting both groups against each other for a prize, to determine what would happen when they came together after bonding with their own in-group. This was done via an organized tournament which included a treasure hunt and a baseball game. By the end of the tournament there was visible hostility as the groups began to call each other names and launched a food fight in the dining room. In a 1949 study, one school of thought for reducing hostility was to introduce a third group, which would represent the common enemy to both groups. This solution was not desirable to Sherif, as he thought it would widen the inter-group conflict to a larger scale. In order to resolve the hostile conflict, Sherif noted that the groups need more than just contact. They needed a series of goals which could only be accomplished when both groups efforts were combined. These goals are termed super ordinate goals. The series involved a water supply crisis, where both groups had to locate the fault by working together. A second goal which was set up is the hiring of a film. The camp had no money to pay for it, however, if both groups combined their financial resources they would be able to rent the film for the benefit of all. The third challenge was towing a broken down food truck together, using a rope they had used previously in a tug-of-war game, to get the truck started. The realization of success from working together gradually reduced conflict to the point where the boys became friends, from these experiences. This experiment supports that the use of super ordinate goals, which means that both groups share the same agenda of accomplishing a specific goal together, can reduce conflict. While both theories seek to reduce group conflict, Social Identity Theory leans towards a cognitive approach of in-group bias. If group members believe that they are in a group with others who share similar identities and goals, then bias towards in-group members exist. The reward does not have to be a physical one, as the aim is towards achieving high self-esteem. Group members will do all possible to preserve their superiority so that their self-esteem will always be high. Through re-categorizing individuals, prejudice and conflict may be reduced, as individuals tend to categorize in reference to self. This would mean that each time a group is re-categorized, individuals would be identifying with each group he/she is being classified with, hence reducing out-group discrimination since the individual would be identifying with others at different times. Realistic Group Conflict Theory leans towards a behavioral approach to conflict resolution, as demonstrated in the Robbers Cave Experiment. Initially, it was a case of survival of the fittest as they groups clamored for the scarce resource (tournament prize). However, through their collective actions, they were able to pool physical and financial resources to benefit both groups. It is through series behavioral actions that both groups realized they could accomplish the super ordinate goals set before them. Another difference between Social Identity Theory and Realistic Group Conflict Theory is that Social Identity Theory places an emphasis on social competition, which has more to do with pride and self-esteem, while Realistic Group Conflict Theory uses objective competition which is vying for an object of social reality.

Harlem Renaissance Essay Example

Harlem Renaissance Essay Example Harlem Renaissance Essay Harlem Renaissance Essay Essay Topic: The New Negro Summary of Book When Harlem was in Vogue. David L. Lewis’s celebrated history of the Harlem Renaissance. was published by Knopf in1981. The latest edition. a Penguin paper-back book with a aglow new foreword added by the writer. appeared in 1997. In Lewis’s position. the1919 Fifth-Avenue parade observing the return to Harlem from World War I of the celebrated 369th Regiment of the New York National Guard signaled the reaching of a black America ready for the phenomenon that became known as the Harlem Renaissance ; and the bloody 1935 Harlem public violence reflected the dramatic brusqueness with which the Great Depression had already prematurely extinguished the Renaissance’s brief starburst. The heroic 369th – wholly black except for the18 white officers who led it in combat – had so impressed the Gallic High Command that ( contrary to the uttered wants of senior American commanding officers ) they chose it among all Allied forces as the regiment to take the concl uding March to the Rhine. : It was the lone U. S. unit awarded the Croix de Guerre. Its lone black commissioned officer was Jim Europe – a widely-known bandleader – who conducted the regimental set. When America entered World War I. the most influential black rational – W. E. B. DuBois – counseled inkinesss of contending age to function their state unstintingly despite the nation’s acrimonious history of racism and a sequence of dissing determinations by the U. S. military demonstrating that they had small assurance that American Negroes had the bravery or intelligence to function in the armed forces in any but the most humble noncombat functions. DuBois emerged as the steering spirit of the Renaissance. Lewis describes him as the senior rational activist of his people. a symbol of brainy. complex. chesty uprightness. who. although short of stature towered over other work forces. defiant. sturdy ( but maddeningly inconsistent. ) DuBois was a ardent integrationist. His older challenger. Booker T. Washington. was non. Washington. a descendent of slaves who was born to poverty. had counseled American inkinesss to be patient. accepting. hardworking and low. He had led Tuskegee Institute in Alabama from its initiation as a one-room school to its development into a first-quality trade school developing American Negroes for success in the sorts of occupations they could anticipate to happen. Fisk University in Nashville was a black college more to DuBois’s gustatory sensation. Fisk’s end was to be for inkinesss a broad humanistic disciplines college in the finest American traditiion. Washington died in 1915. The following decennary and a half belonged to DuBois and his Talented One-tenth: the black clerisy ( novelists. poets. dramatists. painters. sculpturers. composers. faculty members and the like. ) And a absorbing batch they – and those they interacted with – were. DuBois believed that if educated. enlightened Whites were decently exposed to a go oning watercourse of first rate art from a broad array of black creative persons. they would come to acknowledge a black Talented Tenth every spot as intelligent. cultured and originative as the brightest. best educated. most cultivated Whites. And that. he believed. would be the accelerator for stoping racism and inequality non merely for the Talented Tenth but for inkinesss of all categories. He would turn out distressingly incorrect. During the daredevil mid-twentiess. there was a close bond between Manhattan’s black and white Bohemia: Harlem at the northern tip of the Island and Greenwich Village at the southern terminal. It was a clip. harmonizing to Langston Hughes: when at about every Harlem upper-crust dance or party. one would be introduced to assorted distinguished white famous persons at that place as invitees. . . . when about every Harlem Negro of any societal importance at all would be likely to state casually: As I was noting the other twenty-four hours to Heywood’ – intending Heywood Broun. Or: As I said to George’ – mentioning to George Gershwin. . . . [ a clip ] when local and sing royalty were non uncommon in Harlem. Not all of the creative persons. intellectuals and reformists consisting the Harlem Renaissance or the Lost Generation lived in Harlem or the Village. The two black writers whose fiction launched the Renaissance – Claude McKay and Jean Toomer – were Harlem foreigners who chose to populate anyplace else. Iconoclast H. L. Mencken who set much of the rational tone for both Bohemias lived in Baltimore. Several white authors from the South. including DuBose Heyward. writer of the novel Porgy that Gershwin adopted and adapted. were accepted as satellite members of the elect fraternity of black creative persons and intellectuals that black author Zora Hurston impishly dubbed the Niggerati. Lewis’s point is that the two Bohemia. Harlem and the Village. were besides topographic points in the head – concepts of civilization to be encountered [ at black colleges located elsewhere. ] the Algonquin Hotel dining room or. . . the Left Bank of the Seine. Lewis calls intolerant. anti-intellectual America the common antagonist of the two Bohemia: The black Talented Tenth and the white Lost Generation shared the common premiss that humanistic disciplines and letters had the power to transform a society in which. until deeply altered. there was no topographic point for. . . [ them ] . He concludes. nevertheless. that the two motions drew diametrically opposite decisions from their common premiss. In the Village. Bohemia was a value ; in Harlem it was a scheme. [ The Lost Generation ] were lost in the sense that they had no wish to happen themselves in a mercenary. Mammon-mad. homogenising modern America. [ The ] . . . New Negroes really much wanted full credence by mainstream America. Many of the movers and Shakerss who led the Renaissance were among the really most elegantly educated Americans – white or black. DuBois was an early black alumnus of Harvard. His protege . Howard Professor Alain Locke. graduated from Harvard Phi Beta Kappa and magna cum laude and went on to Oxford as the first ( and. for 60 old ages. the lone ) Afro-american Rhodes Scholar. Locke. harmonizing to Lewis. was overzealous on civilization. and by culture’ [ Locke ] . . . intend all that was non common. vulgar or racially unsavory. Locke yearly told Howard freshers that the highest rational responsibility is the responsibility to be cultured. Charles Johnson. a masterful booster of African American authors. was a grad pupil at the University of Chicago when he emerged into public position by authoring a 700-page study for a select Commission appointed to analyze the violent 1919 Chicago race public violence which had left 38 dead. 537 wounded and more than 1. 000 homeless. The National Urban League hired Johnson as editor of Opportunity. the League’s new monthly. Johnson’s end for Opportunity was to redeem through art the standing of his people. In Lewis’s position. although Johnson had considerable self-importance. it was his nature – and passion – to work in secret and patiently behind the scenes. recruiting and steering others into the limelight. It was Johnson who orchestrated the 1924 dinner sponsored by Opportunity magazine that resulted in the Harlem Renaissance being foremost recognized as a motion and having its name. Johnson chose as locale for the dinner Manhattan’s Civic Club. The lone upper-crust New York nine without colour or gender limitations. the Civic Club had become an of import meeting land for black and white progressives. The apparent ground for the dinner was to observe the publication of There Is Confusion. a novel by Jesse Fauset. a immature Afro-american adult female who was adjunct editor to DuBois of The Crisis. the NAACP’s monthly magazine. Fauset. like Locke from an established old-Philadelphia black household. chose as her topics for the novel educated. upper category inkinesss. Johnson’s program for the jamboree. nevertheless. extended good beyond honouring Fauset. He asked Frederick Allen. so Harper and Brothers editor. to choose and ask for a representative group of noteworthy white authors and intellectuals. including Mencken. Eugene O’Neill and Carl Van Doren. Johnson himself invited non merely the best known black authors and intellectuals. including DuBois. James Weldon Johnson. Locke. McKay and Toomer. but besides a broad array of talented but still vague black authors. including Hughes. The event was a immense success. The victors of Opportunity’s first literary competition received money awards. Carl Van Doren forecast a sparkling hereafter for Afro-american authors who. he thought. would convey sorely needed energy and verve to a slightly pale American literary landscape. Reasoning the evening’s celebrations. Johnson announced that Opportunity would patronize another competition and feast the undermentioned twelvemonth. After the plan. the editor of Survey Graphic magazine offered to give an full issue to the work of gifted black authors. Survey Graphic’s particular edition entitled: Harlem: Mecca of the New Negro appeared the following twelvemonth to rave reappraisals. Gross saless exceeded twice the magazine’s normal circulation. Opportunity’s 2nd feast was even more successful than the Civic Club matter. 316 invitees attended. At the banquet’s terminal. Johnson announced that support for the undermentioned year’s competition and feast was already in manus from a man of concern: Casper Holstein. Holstein’s concern was the Numberss racket. a concern he had invented in New York and would entirely command until the 30s when Dutch Schultz shouldered him to the side. During the four old ages following the Civic Club dinner. there was an avalanche of black creativeness: novels. poesy. dramas. picture. sculpture. music. the acting humanistic disciplines and unfavorable judgment. DuBois. Locke. James Weldon Johnson. Fauset. Walter White ( the NAACP’s Assistant Executive Secretary ) and a host of others – white every bit good as black – provided advice. and leading and led the cheers. The magazines of the two civil rights organisations. Opportunity and The Crisis. played cardinal functions. printing poesy. short narratives. essays and exposure of pictures and sculptures eve ry bit good as critics’ pieces measuring the literary. acting and other artistic work of Renaissance creative persons. When the work of a author or other creative person appeared in The Crisis. that work received broad circulation. DuBois’s editorship of The Crisis had been so successful that. by 1919. it was selling 100. 000 transcripts monthly. Lewis notes that during a clip of rampant illiteracy when harsh demands on their laboring hours left black workers small clip. the magazine someway found its manner into sharecroppers’ cabins and cramped mill workers’ tenements. frequently lying following to the household Bible. Among the many white authors who gave support to the Negro Renaissance were Sherwood Anderson. Theodore Dreiser. John Dos Passos. Malcolm Cowley. Lewis Mumford. Lincoln Steffens. Robert Benchley and Fanny Hurst. Generous support and sponsorship for Renaissance creative persons and for the civil rights organisations every bit good. came from a figure of foundations and besides from affluent persons. Chicago concern leader Julius Rosenwald and the Rosenwald Foundation were among the most generous. The Garland Foundation did much to promote Afro-american artistic accomplishment. patronizing awards competitions. doing money grants and confabulating gifts. among other things. Another foundation. the Harmon. sponsored a Traveling Exhibition of the Work of Negro Artists. which shipped a big aggregation of pictures and sculpture to 50 metropoliss. accompanied by many transcripts of a thick expensively illustrated catalog with text by Locke. More than 150. 000 viewed the Exhibition. The most colourful of the single frequenters was Charlotte Mason Osgood. a enormously affluent Park Avenue socialite dowager fascinated by the crude and alien in art. Among her many black proteges were Locke ( whom she called her precious brown boy and was her emissary to the Talented Tenth ) ; Langston Hughes ( whom she called her most cherished child ) ; the immature novelist. Zora Hurston ; and painter Aaron Douglas. Promoting them to name her Godmother. she liberally subsidized their day-to-day lives with monthly stipends. autos and the similar and amply rewarded their artistic accomplishments. She thought this entitled her to give way to their work. She repeatedly instructed Langston Hughes to be primitive in more of his authorship. Finally he demurred. inquiring her to release him from her imperium [ and ] attempt to accept his new thoughts. and showing the hope that her friendly relationship that had been so beloved to him would go on. With acrimonious maledictions. the old lady cast him for all clip from her Park Avenue Eden. From the beginning DuBois. Charles Johnson. patrician James Weldon Johnson and other civil rights organisation leaders sought to promote black creative persons to take as their topics educated. upper category inkinesss and to avoid picturing Negro life as crude. alien. animal or titillating – properties frequently associated with the poorly-educated Afro-american lower class life in utmost poorness. They were non peculiarly successful in this enterprise. although they themselves limited their ain originative authorship to the portraiture of decorous upper category Afro-american life. Lewis captures the ultimate result of this contretemps in his treatment of painter Palmer Hayden’s still life. Fetich et Fleurs: It gave back absolutely the ethos of the Renaissance – natural seeming appositions if non perfect brotherhood of refined esthesia and dark powers. One of the more utmost attempts to sensationalize the underbelly of Afro-american life was the fresh Nigger Heaven by white author. Carl Van Vechten. Van Vechten. who had earlier been the New York Times music critic. had famously played a cardinal function as an of import white affair between Harlem authors and Greenwich Village elite. On countless occasions. he had introduced talented immature black creative persons to publishing houses. esteemed creative persons and other movers and Shakerss in the white community who could be helpful toward progressing their callings. He and his married woman. poet Fania Marinoff. hosted legion parties to which they invited both Harlem Renaissance and white creative persons and intellectuals. They besides attended infinite black-hosted. mixed-race parties in Harlem and were familiar figures at the Harlem nines and speakeasies that white New Yorkers were progressively patronizing. In effect. Van Vechten. prior to authoring Nigger Heaven. had been heartily welcomed into the clique of elect inkinesss and their particular white confidants that immature black novelist Hurston had dubbed the Niggerati. Nigger Heaven’s blunt word picture of the Negro lower class made it clearly controversial for the black clerisy. However. in a parallel narrative line. the novel besides portrayed the refined life style of the urbane. sophisticated black clerisy. Many taking Harlem Renaissance figures could easy place themselves among the book’s characters. On the whole. they were depicted rather sympathetically. which likely persuaded many of them. including Langston Hughes and James Weldon Johnson. to praise the book. Other inkinesss. including more than a few Renaissance intellectuals. thought the book repugnant. Arch image breaker George Schuyler. Harlem’s opposite number to Mencken. deplored the ever-present need of white authors in portraying the Negro. to demo that even when he appears to be civilized. it is merely necessary to crush a tom Tom or beckon a rabbit’s pes and he is ready to deprive off his Hart Schaffner A ; Marx suit and sit away wild-eyed on the dorsum of a crocodile. Renaissance authors repeatedly visited the affair of black individuality – peculiarly as impacted by the forced crossbreeding all excessively common to slavery and the attendant pick confronting light-skinned African americans of whether to traverse over and base on balls as white. The writer’s ain tegument colour could deeply impact his position on these affairs. Although Lewis does non expressly say so. possibly mostly mute. but invariably vibrating on the fringe. was an overarching paradox. Expressed at its most utmost: Is a individual – all of whose ascendants are white save one octoroon gramps – black? If so – by that definition – are virtually all of us who consider ourselves white. in fact black. Another common yarn running through much Renaissance authorship was the position that slavery-era hybridization and other facets of the Negro’s debatable history in the U. S. had become insurmountable obstructions to any meaningful go oning connexion to African inkinesss. In Hughes’s short narrative. Burutu Moon. the storyteller. an Afro-american visiting Africa in hunt of his roots. asks his African host to see a Ju-Ju dance. No. him excessively atrocious! White adult male neer go. But I’m non a white adult male. the storyteller objected. You no black adult male neither. Lewis provides a hoarded wealth trove of intriguing item about Harlem life in the 20s. Did you know. for illustration. that Harlem’s celebrated Cotton Club did non acknowledge inkinesss as invitees. but merely as performing artists? Particularly gratifying is Lewis’s colourful description of the rent parties that flat renters threw to raise money for their monthly rent: Saturda y darks were terrific in Harlem. but rent parties every dark were the particular passion of the community. Their very being was avoided or hardly acknowledged by most Harlem authors. like that other rare and challenging establishment. the counter level where varied and frequently perverse sexual pleasances were offered cafeteria -style. With the exclusion of Langston Hughes and Wallace Thurman. about noone. . . admitted go toing a rent party. These were times. Willie ( the Lion ) Smith callbacks. when the mean Negro household did non let the blues. or even raggedy music. played in their places. In fact. though. it often came about that. after a staid parlour assemblage and after the nightclubs closed. poets and authors ( and even an NAACP functionary ) would follow instrumentalists to one of these every night rent-paying rites. If sweet mamma is running wild. and you are looking for a Do-right kid. merely come about and linger – crooned a printed invitation preserved by Langston Hughes to one of the more luxuriant personal businesss. Or Cora Jones’s at 187 West 148th Street : Let your dad drink the whiskey/Let your mamma drink the wine/ But you come to Cora’s/And make the Georgia swot. . . . Rent parties began anytime after midnight. ululation and stomping sometimes good into morning in a miasma of fume. liquor. collard leafy vegetables. and hot music. Willie the Lion Smith called them jumps. ’ shouts. ’ or struts. ’ where. for a one-fourth. you would see all sorts of people doing the party scene ; officially dressed society folks from down- town. police officers. painters. carpenters. mechanics. truckmen in their workingmen’s apparels. gamblers. tribades. and entertainers of all sorts. . . . At the more luxuriant prances. along approximately 3 a. m. pacing would accelerate when Willie the Lion. James P. Johnson. Claude Hopkins. Fats Waller. or Corky Williams – and even Edward Kennedy ( Duke ) Ellington – arrived palm-slapping and tuning up. The Great Depression blew out the visible radiations of the Harlem Renaissance. The awards competitions. grants and gifts dried up. Circulation of The Crisis and Opportunity turned aggressively down. their budgets were reduced and they struggled to last. The two Samuel johnsons left the civil rights organisations for chairs at all-black Fisk University in Nashville. The end product of Talented Tenth authors and other creative persons declined to a drip. And the proposition that racial bias in America could be extinguished by dazing literature and art produced by the Talented Tenth was exposed as the myth it had ever been. Lynchings increased – making a sum of 28 in 1934. Lesser Acts of the Apostless of dogmatism appeared to be distributing. non decreasing. As the White House made agreements to implement a Congressional grant to pave the manner for World War I gold-star female parents to go by ocean line drive to Europe for a graveyard circuit. angry letters from white female parents poured in objecting to its program to hold white and black adult females travel on the same vas. The disposal reversed class. The white female parents sailed off quickly in self-respect on a excellent ship. The black female parents followed well subsequently in a second-class vas. The Renaissance had non even improved the batch of the Talented Tenth. Paul Robeson and his married woman were turned off from the Guild Room of London’s Savoy Hotel after protests by other American tourers. The Robesons had often gone at that place in the yesteryear. and he was about to return to America for a concert circuit beginning in Carnegie Hall. On this eventide. nevertheless. the direction informed Robeson that the Hotel did non allow Negroes to come in the suites any longer. ’ Similarly. the founder-publisher of Chicago’s Defender and his married woman were asked to go forth their London hotel after one twenty-four hours because other American invitees had protested their presence and threatened to blacklist the hotel by word of oral cavity. They eventually found lodging in a private place. Carl Van Vechten’s married woman. Fania Marinoff. was quoted as stating that after tast [ ing ] all the drinks in all the speakeasies and traveling to hundreds of parties in flats. dark nines. honky tonks and speakeasies in Harlem and the Village. it all seemed very hollow. I neer liked it. she observed. observing more significantly that Van Vechten was equally weary of that life. Reacting in choler. The Pittsburg Courier. a newspaper widely circulated to the black community. announced: Let that be a warning to Negroes who bow and scrape to sponsoring Whites. Most dramatic. possibly. was the instance of W. E. B. DuBois. DuBois outraged his Talented-Tenth adherents by printing essays in The Crisis. recommending what he provokingly called segregation. which he described more specifically as voluntary action to increase our separation from our fellow work forces. He advocated it as a step toward the ultimate interrupting down of barriers. For Walter White. so the NAACP’s Executive Secretary. this was the last straw. He demanded that DuBois recant or go forth the NAACP. DuBois left. On March 19. 1935. Lewis concludes. the public violence expecting its immediate cause swept down Lenox Avenue with 10 thousand angry Harlemites destructing two million dollars in white-owned commercial belongings. By the following forenoon. three inkinesss had died. 30 people were hospitalized and one hundred were in gaol.

Sociology Essays on Michael Jackson

Sociology Essays on Michael Jackson With the demise of legendary pop singer Michael Jackson, students should expect to be asked by their professors to write sociology essays about this controversial essay topic. The popularity of Michael Jackson had spread across the globe that his music and his persona influenced individuals in the society from different generations. Writing about the sociological significance of the King of Pop would initially appear to be difficult for students; here are some suggested contents for your essay about Michael Jackson:   Ã‚  Ã‚   An essay about prominent people must start with a personal background about the celebrity. Provide a brief biographical account on Michael Jackson. It would also be recommendable to include a background on the society the singer had lived in during his younger years to provide a situational overview on the kind of society the young Michael Jackson had constant interactions.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Describe the influences of the society on the young Michael Jackson during his childhood days. Examine if his environment had inclined him to be a singer and if the people around him had forced him in some ways to enter the world of entertainment at such a young age. Provide a personal view if the society is partly responsible for children in show business to be susceptible to the dire elements of the entertainment industry causing the corruption of the minds of these children. This part of your academic essay must cite Michael Jackson as an example of your personal views.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Writing essays about Michael Jackson and the society should include the reception of society on his music and his rise to stardom with the aid of society. State your opinion on why Jackson’s music was well liked by the public, the sociological relevance of the subjects tackled by his songs, and the impact of the singer’s distinct character on society. Cite examples such as the sociological issues related to Jackson’s songs as well as individuals imitating Jackson’s fashion statements.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Examine the sociological effects of Michael Jackson and his music had imparted on people. Discuss the reasons behind the tremendous effect the singer and his music had on the society. You may also point out your own views on the possible problems or threats posed by this fanaticism of the public on Michael Jackson.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Relatively, provide a section in your essay discussing the positive and negative effects of music icons on the society. Mention the names of some of the biggest music celebrities that had sociological influences around the world. Specify the harmful effects these music legends had conveyed to people and cite particular incidents that would prove this bad influence of some music celebrities. Enumerate the positive ways these celebrities had influenced the public and state examples of these commendable acts. Give your personal analysis if the society tolerates these manipulations done by pop idols and the ways that the society can use this influence in promoting good causes.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Excessive fame and money often causes celebrities to make irresponsible acts. This does not save Michael Jackson; the controversies and issues that hounded the singer’s life definitely had effects on the society. As part of the society, give your opinion on the common perception and reaction of the members of society as well as the sociological consequences of these unacceptable behaviors for both ordinary citizen and celebrity. Sociology essays about Michael Jackson can be completed easily with the help of these suggested contents. A good essay about this topic can be achieved by incorporating some of this important information.

Existentialism According to Two Philosophers Essay

Existentialism According to Two Philosophers - Essay Example   The reader realizes immediately that what is important about this character is not his actions, so much as his thoughts. Actions - if any - are the result of a decision, a choice. Even when he hands ‘the prisoner’ a glass of tea, or takes a pot of ink from a drawer, Daru does so not as a reflexive action, or one taken automatically or without consideration, but as a deliberately thought-out deed over which he seems to have some control. This is a kind of irony that comes from the pen of Albert Camus, an existentialist (although he denied it) writer whose philosophy was one born of the belief that life offers no clarity or meaning (Camus 1991). He places Daru in a spot, literally and metaphorically. From this place, this man cannot emerge unless it is through a deliberate deed. True, he did not ask Balducci to arrive with the prisoner, yet even in the introduction during the blizzard, Camus injects an atmosphere of anticipation and expectation. He seems to tell the reader that life - even if it does take place in a desert; emotional, philosophical, or otherwise - has a habit of presenting one with predicaments and obligations that require accountability (Camus 1991). Daru, in his dead-end job, had to dole out grain to the families of his students, something over which he seemed to have doubts. He is suddenly given the responsibility of taking an Arab prisoner to the prison at Tinguit: a dilemma which is at once perso nal, official and philosophical. Camus does this to illustrate his concept of inescapability: if you are alive, you will encounter this kind of problem that requires some sort of choice. Not making a choice is not an option that life offers. Even doing nothing is a default choice. In his Myth of Sisyphus, he shows this through the absurdity of life’s meaningless tasks, that are repetitive and devoid of meaning, and gives them to Daru to show there are no escaping life’s quandaries.

Obama's Inauguration Ceremony Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Obama's Inauguration Ceremony - Essay Example That Lean And Hungry Look by Suzanne Britt’s is an essay written to compare the existing differences between individuals who are skinny to their fat counterparts. Britt is against skinny individuals in the society, and her essay deals them a tremendous blow making them look like losers in the society. She criticizes skinny individuals comparing their young age experience to failure in learning life’s expectations. In her essay, she applauds fat individuals in society. She notes that they are sincere compared to the skinny individuals. She deems that fat individuals are welcoming than skinny ones because they are capable of providing individuals with support when least expected. She applauds them for being realistic in life and always taking decisions that lead to their success (Warner & Hilliard, 2010). Britt’s essays talks her views regarding the skinny and fat individuals in the society. Though she might be harsh on her description of skinny individuals in the society, her works are used to explain the differences that exist amongst individuals in the society. Her works, when analyzed critically, give out a meaning to the different social classes brought about by different factors like race and politics (Warner & Hilliard, 2010). ... Contrary to Britt’s essay regarding skinny individuals, Obama emerges to be a triumphant candidate who is elected heartily by the citizens (Obama, 2006). Secondly, contrary to Britt’s essay regarding skinny individuals not being amenable, Obama was more than welcoming in his inauguration speech. He was warm in his speech when he promised to advocate for freedom of individuals within the country. Individuals who are not welcoming find that they make false promises to individuals, whereas in spite of Obama being skinny he makes promises and professes his love for the Americans on his way to the inauguration ceremony. He believes he has the powers to make America a new haven because the American citizens had bestowed him with the responsibility of being their leader. He is also depicted to be a neat person during his inauguration ceremony. This is contrary to Britt’s essay about tidiness of skinny individuals. He was neatly dressed in a fashionable way that left him to be the center of attraction to the searching eyes of the public and press. Obama’s schedule during and after the Philadelphia inauguration was loaded with schedules and appointments contrary to Britt’s essay that skinny individual do not have a loaded schedule (Obama, 2006). Contrary to Britt’s essay, the inauguration of Obama came as a surprise to individuals who did not take Obama as an eminent threat. Being a skinny person individuals expected Obama to fail for a number of reasons (Obama, 2006). His success is conflicting to Britt’s essay that does not depict him as a threat because of his skinny nature. The inauguration ceremony depicts that individuals who

Overseas M&A of Chinese Enterprises Essay Example for Free

Overseas MA of Chinese Enterprises Essay The purpose of this article is to summarize the problems related to the overseas MA of Chinese firms and to propose suggestions on its corresponding improvements. It firstly describes the brief history of China’s overseas MA in three phases and its current status including the growth trend, the location preference and the sector distribution ; iand illustrates one succesussfulrvived case of Lenovo and two failed cases of Chinalco and SAIC. Then Seondly it analyzes the factors contributing to the success: economy growth, exchange rate, foreign currency reserve and proper management; points out the reasons of failure: political resistance, strategy error, integration difficulty and cultural difference. After that it refers to the practice of Japanese enterprises on image making, strategy selection, management localization and relation maintaining. Finally it provideoffers recommendations to improvebetter the execution of China’s overseas MA including regarding public relationship, strategic thinking, management enhancement and cultural communication and ; draws a conclusion that whether the overseas MA is ‘cake’ or ‘trap’ depends on what we choose to do. Overseas MA of Chinese Companies: Cake or Trap? Introduction On 26th February 2013, China National Offshore Oil Company (CNOOC) announced in Beijing that it successfully completed the 15. 1 billion US$ acquisition of a Canadian oil and gas company Nexen Inc NXY. TO, which was Chinas largest-ever foreign takeover. This was exactly the epitome of the ‘Great Leap Forward’ of overseas MA of Chinese companies. Along with the economic boom in more thanof 30 years, encouraged by the ‘go-out’ strategy of the government, Chinese companies have madeseen robust strides in international investment markets. However, wereas most MA cases closed as successfully as the case of CNOOC’s acquisition of Nexon? The answer must be negative should you pay attention to many failures such as Chinalco1’s acquisition of Rio Tinto2. Did every successful starting reach a happy ending? Neveror the answer would be affirmative since the bloody costs Chinese companies have paid in overseasabroad m markets. The aim of this article is to raise a critical question to the overheated enthusiasm on international acquisitions of Chinese enterprises: would it bring a worthy return or rather a bottomless pit? Serving this purpose, the article will firstly draw a brief portrait of the history and the present situation of China’s overseas MA and summarize its characters, experiences and lessons. Then it will analyze the reasons for the successes and failures and compare China’s performance with the practice of its international peers. FinallyIn the end, t, he authorit would like to propose some recommendation on the improvement of the MA operation of Chinese enterprises. Status quo The overseas MA of Chinese enterprises started in the 1990s and could be roughly divided into three phases. The first phase was from the 1990s to the year 2001, when Chinese enterprises just entered the international market and tried to ‘cross the river by feeling the stones’ and to discover acquisition opportunities. The annual amount figure of transactions at that time was below 0. 1 billion US$. The second stage was after China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001 when the volume of overseas purchase takeovers reached 1 billion for the first time and till 2005 when the amount climbed to about 5 billions. The third period was fromafter 2006 till now especially after 2009 afterwards when global financial crisis seriously grilled struck the world’s major economies. During this period, the scale of China’s abroad overseas acquisitions exploded and each year it saw a total deal of tens of billions of dollars. In 2010, it was up to the height of 38 billion dollars, occupying 11% of the world’s transactions amount of that year3. There were some trends underlying the wavesis of overseas acquisitions waves. In terms of the quantity of deals, it was climbing climbed constantly with a number of 27 in 2003, 45 in 2005, 61 in 2007, 97 in 2009 and arrived at the record-breaking 147 in 20104. Meanwhile, the size of one transaction increased remarkably and the significant example was the abovementioned takeover of NEXON by CNOOC in 2013, a single deal of 15. 1 billion US$, overpassing exceeding the annual total of many previous years. With regard to the areas where China’s enterprises invested, American,USA Europe and Asia were their top 3 priorities, making up 27%, 21% and 15%5 respectively of the abroad acquisition volumes in 2010. About the sectors where they were interested in, the energy and mining fields were undoubtedly their first choice since 65%6 of the transactions occurred in this industry in 2010. Nonetheless, compared with the general traits, the individual cases are worth researching more carefully. A perfect example is the caseTake the story of China’s giant PC producer Lenovo7 as example, i. In December 2004 Lenovo acquired the PC department sector of IBM at the price of 1. 75 billion US dollars. After almost 10 years’ development, it was impressive that IBM became a super brand of business laptops and PCs and Lenovo had successfully enhanced its brand value and market share during the integration of two firms. It was this deal that made Lenovo a world PC giant. Conversely, the majority of Chinese buyers tasted the bitter flavor of defeats. According to the statistics of Mckinsey8 published in 2010, in the past 20 years, the success rate of international MA was less than 50% while the failure rate of China’s overseas acquisitions was more that 67%9. In 2008, the total loss of China’s multi-national deals was nearly 35 billion US$10. For instance, in June 2009, Rio Tinto Group unexpectedly announced to breach the acquisition agreement with Chinalco and although Rio Tinto paid 0. 195 billion US$ break-up fee to Chinalco, the latter had to must pay multifold btimes of breaching compensation to China’s state-owned commercial banks and assume tremendous losses resulted from the dropping share price of Rio Tinto. Another perfect example is the case SAIC Motor11 took over SsangYong Motor12 which illustrated a failing integration after a triumphant acquisition. SAIC invested 0. 5 billion US$ to buy 48. 92% shares of SsangYong Motor in 2004 and increased its to 51. 33% in 2005. However, a smooth deal did not forecast a disaster of cultural integration. Neither SAIC achieved the aim of technology importation nor the new management team solved the annoying strikes and salary disputes so that the new enterprise staggered till 2009 when the local court approved the bankruptcy protection of SSangYong Motor, indicating the death of this acquisition. Analysis Based on the facts and cases revealed in previous chapter, we could can not help wondering that what was inside the box? In other words, what experiencepoints we can summarizecould summarize from the successful cases and what lessons we should learn from the failed ones? On one hand, the significant development of China’s overseas MA might be generated by the following contributing factors. Firstly, the rapid economy growth drove solid requests forof the raw materials such as oil, gas or mining but subject to the limited domestic resources, Chinese enterprises turned their attention to global markets by active merging and acquiring. Secondly, since the exchange rate reform starting from 2005, the Chinese Currency RMB was appreciating gradually, for example the rate of US$ to RMB was 1: 8. 2 in 2005 but is 1: 6. 1 in 2014. In addition, the global financial crisis resulted from the subordinated debts storm in the USA remarkably dropped the share prices of listed companies in global capital markets. Both factorsThis change considerably lowered the costs of international acquisitions in recent years and created realistic opportunities for Chinese companies. Thirdly, holding the massive foreign currency reserve, for instance, 3820 billion US$ in the end of 201313, the central government of China broadened the control of foreign exchange and launched a ‘go-out’ policy to stimulate the internationalization of domestic enterprises, creating a relatively loose macro surroundings for Chinese companies. Fourthly, some Chinese companies were playing games in global markets more and more expertly. They adopted correct strategy to obtain global assets and products, executed it in accordance with international conventions, gained the advanced technology and sales networks, expanded the market share, established competitive edge and moved forward to the aim of multi-nationalization. On the other hand, it is indeed necessary to figure find out what caused the noticeable failure of Chinese acquirers. From my point of view, the reasons could be explained in four aspects. Political resistance:Political factors bear the brunt of the failure of China’s overseas acquisitions. Most Chinese enterprises engaging in international MA were state-owned enterprises, which in the westerners eyes were regarded as the representatives of Chinese government. Although they emphasized the independence status and commercial orientation when doing business in other countries, the host governments were as prone to link them to the Communist Party of ChinaChinese government. Even if they were not state-owned, the public media often mislabeled them as Chinese SOEs because it was hard for the foreigners to distinguish the nature of one Chinese firm from the other. This was truly an extra risk of Chinese firms and constituted one fundamental obstacle toof China’s overseas acquisitions. Unfortunately, in most cases, Chinese firms had no say and did not know how to communicate with the local government or the public, only to accept the destiny of defeat. For example, the government of USA denied the 18. 5-billion-dollars acquisition of UNOCAL14 by CNOOC for the reason of state security. The failure of Chinalco’ acquisition of Rio Tinto was also attributed to the concern of economic safety of Australia. Strategic error:The core value of enterprise MA probably is increasing the critical competitive advantage and sustainable development capacity thorough obtaining the essential resources of acquired firms, which requires thorough and appropriate strategies. Nevertheless, most Chinese enterprises, when operating international MA, did not have a complete and clear strategiesy or did have a strategiesy but lost control of the operation and could not survive the ever-changing global markets. Some of them failed to properly evaluate their overall strengths and to completely understand the rules of international acquisitions therefore executed rush transactions blindly just catering for the individual preference of the boss or following the ‘going-out’ fashion of ‘going-out’. TheA lack of strategiesy must not realize an anticipated results. After a series of losses in international acquisitions, TCL15 admitted that the insufficient strategic preparation was the major reason contributed to its failure16. Another relevant case is the bidding for Hummer17 by Tengzhong18. Although had published an official industrial planning aiming at developing new energy vehicles in 2009, Tengzhong announced a bid for Hummer, the producer of large displacement vehicles, which completely contradicted its strategy of energy saving and emission reduction. Integration difficulty:After applause, flowers, champagnes and wines in the signature ceremony, the real challenge just starts because of the integration or management difficulties of Chinese firms. Though more and more Chinese enterprises enlarged tremendously in recent years, for example, 100 Chinese firms were listed on the Fortune Global 500 Rankings 201419, taking up one fifth of the world’s biggest companies. But compared with international giants such as Exxon Mobile, BP or Shell, Chinese firms are weak on management issues such as corporate governance, business operations, management communication skills, international reputation and marketing channels and internal integration etc. Multi-national acquisition and integration is so complicated that Chinese companies are short of not only managers who could communicate professionally with their counter-parts and standardize the operation with global horizon but also experts who are familiar with international market operations from legal, financial or managerial background20. Take TCL’s acquisition of Thomson21 for instance, after the deal was done, in less than three years, all the former executives of Thomson left the ‘new’ company22 and it fell into a crisis of management resulting in huge profit losses in the following fiscal years. It was truly a failure of team integration due to managerial incompetence. Even worse, Chinese firms were used to manage the integration after acquisitions with domestic management styles and most of them were caught in serious internal frictions, causing which caused productivity declining and profit dropping. Moreover, Chinese firms were merely accustomed to employ Chinese workers no matter where they were doing business, which exerted extensive concerns in the host country. For example, when Chinese firms acquired a local mining, a railway or harbor construction project in Africa, thousands of Chinese workers were hired to work there. It maybe impressive for many when we watched TV that more than 30,000 Chinese workers retreated from Libya after the civil war following the collapse of the Gaddafi regime in 2010. In the countries with tight policies on foreign labors, the employment patterns of Chinese acquisitions were controversial. Culture difference:Cultural is an indispensible influential factor in international MA yet ignoring its significance is a common failing of Chinese acquirers. Many host countries complained that Chinese firms were mining robots or money machines, developing business simply on their own without incorporating themselves into the local communities and respecting the unique cultural backgrounds. The failure of SAIC’s acquisition of SsangYong, discussed mentioned in previous episode, could cast light on how the culture conflict ruined a takeover. It seems that the primary reason was SAIC’s insufficient acknowledgement of culture difference. Korea is an island country and its people have tremendous national pride therefore when SsangYong was acquired by SCIA which is from an undeveloped country of China, its employees were reluctant to accept the reality of control change and to co-operate well with the new boss. That was why they behaved negatively in the integration and apparently SAIC failed to figure out a proper strategy to deal with this issue. Moreover, SAIC underestimated the power of Labor Union and the complexity of labor disputes while paid more attention to enhance the relationship with the governmental authorities, which is anan exact reflection of Chinese culture, not suitable in Korea. The result of ignoring it was remarkable. Comparison After the analysis of what caused Chinese firms’ poor performance, before giving advice on how to improve it, it seems necessary to catch a glance at how the international peers did their MA deals. Japan, one neighbor of China, is a perfect model we could refer to. Similar as today’s China, Japan is a country short of natural resources, from the 1960s when Japanese economy began to soar, Japanese enterprises invested massively in overseas markets to pursue a steady resource supplies. In the 1970s and 1980s, they also encountered various barriers and obstacles but Japanese firms gradually diminished the hostility and cautiousness and successfully took initiatives in global investment sectors23. Image-making:Japanese firms laid emphasis on image-polishing via the ‘think tank’ and the news media. In the 1980s, in response to the increasing hostility, Japanese firms implemented diverse strategies to turn them acceptable to the American society. Since most official critics were from the Congress, major Japanese companies established or enlarged the representative offices in Washington, DC. They tried to create the mainstream opinion via the cooperation with the think tanks, journalists orand former governmental officials and in return the think tanks held periodically forums on Japanese investments and published reports arguing that Japanese investments were beneficial to the USA economy. In most cases, Japanese firms sponsored or funded the researches or cooperated with the scholars in this field. Sustainable strategy: Japanese firms focused on a long-term effect of investments, pursued a resource-preferred acquisition strategy and did not deviate from the aim easily even if confronting temporary losses or missing profitable opportunities. As a result, the investment terms of Japanese firms were longer than those of Chinese firms. In addition, Japanese companies coordinated well with each other and avoided internal malicious competitions (which often happened among their Chinese peers) to maximize their coalition strength. Differing from Chinese acquirers in Australian market, Japanese companies were used to form an acquisition group of 3-4 firms to optimize the bargaining potential and profit margin. Local management: Unlike Chinese companies which preferred to appoint Chinese executives in overseas subordinates, Japanese investors trusted localAmerican managers and appointed them as executives. Besides, they tried to localize material supplies as much as possible. According to the report published in 2002 by the Bureau of Economics Analysis24, USA, from 1982 to 2002, the number of American suppliers of Honda25had climbed from 40 to 55026. Likewise, when negotiating with partners for acquisition deals, Japanese companies seldom requested to participated in the business operation so that they could avoid the employment, salary or land disputes, which considerably reduced the management risk and integration failure. Community relation: When investing in overseas countries, Japanese firms endeavored to integrate themselves to local culture and contribute to the construction of local communities. For example, sponsoring a baseball team or funding a cancer research center, Japanese firm had donated millions of dollars for local charity. All of these merits of goodness conveyed the information that Japanese firms respected local culture and put high value on local development. This is a sharp contrast to Chinese firms’ behavior in that they were only keen on making money but were indifferent to the lives of local residents. Recommendation Corresponding to the problems figured out discussed and the comparisons analyzed above, I would like to share my view on how to improve the overseas MA operations of Chinese enterprises. Firstly, we should reduce the role the state plays in international acquisitions and create effective communications with stakeholders. To be honest, many overseas MA cases illustrated the economic targets of Chinese government, which is the most controversial issue and the biggest concern in foreign markets. As the government, it must be aware of its duty and the boundary of public power, decrease the interference to micro economic operation and liberate the creativities of Chinese enterprises in overseas markets. On the other hand, Chinese government should provide necessary supervision and guidance of overseas acquisitions, reform improper and complicated formalities of abroad transaction and facilitate the currency flow by loosing strict exchange control. However, to eliminate political obstacles, the majority of the tasks are at the shoulder of Chinese enterprises themselves. It shouldmay be necessary for them to put public relationship management top of their agenda. For example, learn to communicate with the public media and the local communities in the language and style they could understand, find spokesmen in think tanks and sponsor local research academies or educational institutions are all constructive measures to enhance the soft powerimage of Chinese enterprises. In principle, we must try to let the host country, the local public, the local staff and other stakeholders believe that Chinese acquisitions are not only a business but also a kindness, not a threatens but an opportunitiesy, to all of them. Secondly, it is essential to break the spell of speculation and to adopt strategic thinking. Acquisition is not gambling but rather implementation of strategy, hence before initiating offers Chinese buyers must set up definite targets and strategies. In short, what do we exactly want? Every overseas acquisition case must have a clear strategic demand: to enhance the buyer’s weight in the value chain; to extend the brand reputation; to expand the production line or to extend the market share? We should not launch an acquisition merely because the target company is cheap or the acquisition is an eye-catching advertisement. Nothing would be more surprising than the news that a Chinese Millionaire Chen Guangbiao, whose business is recycle resourcing, announced a plan to buy New York Times. After the aim is set up, Chinese enterprise should establish and hold a firm strategy, draw an feasible plan in details to implement the strategy step by step and unless the market surroundings changes fundamentally, do not give up the fixed strategy easily. Thirdly, it could be urgent for Chinese firms to substantially enhance their management strength to survive the integration difficulties after takeovers. It is desirable for the acquirer to keep the previous management team of the acquired firm as much as possible and to pursue a ‘win-win’ target by satisfying both the requirements of the buyer and the demands of the seller as well asand its employees. Plus, they also should build a thorough management systems in accordance with international convention, enhance overall managerial strengthability, perfect internal corporate governance and establish rational incentive mechanism, to achieve a smooth integration and a sustainable development. Fourthly, it is not exaggerating to say that the failure of an overseas acquisition is actually the failure of cultural communication, which reminds Chinese buyers to take care of the cultural difference. Currently, most of the targeted firms are matured western enterprises which have built their own tradition and culture and hope to maintain rather than change it. In the contrary, Chinese firms have not developed a systematic and matured cultures. That is, China buyers have to absorb the advanced elements of the existing cultures and mix them in the formation of a new culture. Under some unique circumstances it is necessary to give up or reform the unreasonable parts in our own cultures that iare s unacceptable to the host country. Conclusion To summarize, overseas MA is an effective way for Chinese enterprises to realize the hyper-normal development in global markets. But every opportunity could also be seen as a crisis and vice versa. It is a cake or a trap merely depends on what areis our choices. Friendly market, clear strategy, efficient management and proper communication may bring you a bright perspectives while hostile surrounding, blind expansion, poor administration and cultural conflict could catch usyou in a deep traps. For the better preparation to survive international MA competitions, it is high time for Chinese enterprises to sum up the successful experiences and to learn from the costly lessons. If this article could provide some advisable suggestions on this topic, it would be my greatest pleasure.

Personal Narrative - Mother Ireland :: Example Personal Narratives

Mother Ireland My family is proud to boast a long and rich history mothered by the Emerald Isle of Erin, which is Gaelic for Ireland. My family's clan was first called the O'Neills, and we inhabited the outskirts of a small village which now goes by the name of County Cork. We were minstrels, actors and musicians in the courts of our family's home for many generations. An interesting piece of recent history about my family is that we are closely related to the Kennedys on my father's side. My grandmother was one of the Davises, who in some way were related intimately to the Fitzgeralds, who were John F. Kennedy's mother's close family. And not too many people know this, but one of the young Kennedy ladies had the good fortune of marrying the famous Mr. Arnold Schwartzenagger. I wish to go even farther back, though, to the era of the Medieval Renaissance on the Isle, when my family owned their own lands and estate, and the head of our family was known as one of the first rulers of Ireland. Our family's castle and lands remain standing to this day, but are inhabited by no one for failure to pay twenty million dollars in back taxes over the past three hundred years. So now our family's castle sits as a tourist attraction on the coast of Erin, as a reminder of the rich and time-honored beauty it has brought and will always bring to the Island. Our family owes its debt of gratitude to one young man. The rule who was living in our family's castle at the time had two sons. At the time, having two sons meant that the ruler would have to entrust his lands and properties to one of them when he died. Since the ruler could not decide whom to entrust the castle to, he told them to have boat race around the shores of Roan Innish ("Isle of the Seals, a small island off the coast of Ireland). So it was determined that whoever was first to touch the shoreline on the other side of the island would inherit all of his father's wealth. Well, the race was long and hard, and the younger son grew so tired that he could not row one second longer even though he was so close to the shoreline.

Forensic Scientists in Law Enforcement Essay

With the advancement in information technology, the complexity of criminal cases has also increased. This has led to rising incidences of highly sophisticated crimes that require a well grounded evidence that can help prosecutors to proof an individual guilty before a court of law. This can be done successfully by use of forensic science. Due to this it can be fully agreed that more forensic scientists should be employed in endeavor to deal with the rising cases of crime whose justification in court following due process is a challenge (Fridell, 2006, p.  27). If more forensic scientists are deployed, they will assist in the investigation of numerous cases on downfall of key financial and non-financial organizations that has been due to mismanagement of funds by misappropriation ,embezzlement and corruption. Here, the forensic accountants will play a critical role in gathering, analyzing interpretation and examination to search for accounting evidence that can be used for the successful prosecution of the offenders (Barnie, 2007, p. 11). The surveillance of crime by the security institutions currently utilizes digital technology for tracking crimes using CCTV cameras. This means more digital forensics are required to retrieve the digital images, reconstruct and interpret them so as obtain evidence that prosecute a person in accordance with the law of land. Therefore, the employment of more forensic scientists will make digital forensics more available. Currently, crimes related to documentations such as forgery of signature and certificates are common. If more forensic specialists are employed at an increasing rate, they will help in forensic examinations of these documents by analyzing and interpreting the results using handwriting and printmaking techniques for gathering evidence that is sufficient for enforcement of the law. Another area where forensic specialists can assist is in the field of economics for obtaining evidence required for assessing economic damages which include replacement of labor, loss of benefits and allowances, future medical expenses and costs and business proceeds (Moore, 2001, p. 14). More forensic scientists will make it easier to study engineering failures of buildings and machines. By utilizing engineering forensic science, the police and legal practitioners will be able to discover the source of the failures and who are responsible for them. This kind of evidence will form a firm ground for enforcement of the law through prosecution of the identified victims. More forensic specialist if employed will help in resolving cases that are related to mental problems. The forensic psychologists and psychiatrists will study, assess and identify illnesses associated with mental disorders and human way of living in order to acquire sufficient evidence for the court’ s benefit which may be predisposing factors towards criminal activities (Fridell, 2006, p. 35. Another area which will benefit from employment of more forensic scientist is the field of criminology. This would be through the use of combination in evidence from impressions like foot wears and finger print, control materials and remains evidence which are used for the examination of the validity held in the criminal evidence. Forensic biology also stand to benefit through employment of more forensic scientists who be used in conducting serological and DNA analysis of samples of obtained from body fluids and parts. The information obtained from this sample can be used for identification of suspect individuals who are at the scene of crime for trial in the courts of law. Sometimes, people die and get buried secretly thus making it difficulty to identify them due to lack of specialists who have knowledge and skills for relating human remains. Employment of forensic entomologists will assist in shading more light in such ambiguous situations where the courts require evidence of details like time and location of the death. More such experts will assist in using pathology knowledge in providing evidence for inquiry commissions investigating unknown possible causes of death (Ben, 2001, p. 21). The modern world is characterized with perpetual cases of chemical pollutions which are toxic to all living organisms. These pollutants cause numerous cases of deaths that go unidentified due to lack of specialists with technical skills and knowledge for studying , analyzing and relating the toxic effects of the pollutants to the organisms hence the producers of this pollutants go scout free. If more forensic toxicologist are employed, there will be sufficient evidence for prosecuting the polluter in a court of law where they can compensate those affected by the circumstance (Ben, 2001, p. 19). Employment of more forensic experts will focus weather conditions in specific areas been examined. This will be helpful in searching for evidence for causes of many aeronautical accidents that remain unresolved due to lack of tangible proof of their root causes. Such situations have led to failure of compensation by insurance companies to the airline companies. The same has been the benchmark towards various aviation related crimes which can then be adequately addressed through forensic science (Fridell, 2006, p. 43). It is also important to employ more forensic specialists since they will provide specialized and highly demanded interpretation skills of different languages that are necessary for legal evidence. This will assist a lot in areas that are multi-linguistic diverse. In conclusion therefore, employment of more forensic scientists accrues more benefits and will boost the judicial system in its principal objective of providing justice equitably to all. Reference Barnie Adrian (2007) Fundamentals of Forensic Science. Security Management, Vol. 51, pp. 11 Ben Rothke (2001) Digital Evidence and Computer Crime: Forensic Science, Computers and Internet. Security Management, Vol. 45, pp. 21, 29 Fridell Ron (2006) Forensic Science. London, Routledge, pp. 27, 35, 43 Moore Grace (2001) Detective Fiction and the Rise of Forensic Science. Critical Survey, Vol. 13, pp. 14

Organizational Theory Essay

1. Develop your understanding of the nature of the key organisation perspectives and their related theories; 2. Demonstrate an understanding of the key perspectives and the meta-theoretical assumptions that underpin each; 3. Demonstrate an appreciation of the relationship between perspectives and their respective theories; 4. Develop research skills and the ability to assess the strengths and weaknesses of various debates and arguments; 5. Gain skills in the written presentation of an argument, including the ways in which scholars incorporate and acknowledge the ideas of other writers. Criteria for assessment For this assignment your essay will be assessed on the extent to which it demonstrates: 1. Your ability to present a clear, compelling, well-presented and properly referenced argument. 2. Your ability to respond directly to the key issues raised by the question. 3. Your ability to engage with the work of other authors and extract relevant detail and explanation. 4. Your ability to assess the arguments and debates of and between other authors and incorporate them into your response. QUESTION: What are the advantages and disadvantages of a multi-perspective approach to understanding organisations? In answering the question you will need to engage with the nature of the various perspectives and how they enable and limit our understanding of organisations. In answering the essay question you must focus explicitly on the key issues identified in the question. A failure to follow this and the following instructions will result in a significant loss of marks. Presenting your answer: Please use headings with care. It is better to avoid using them in an essay but if you must, please keep them to a minimum and ensure that they enhance rather than undermine your argument. In order to construct a logical response to the question the following structure is suggested. You do not need to use the provided headings (see above comment regarding ‘headings’) and the structure itself is not mandatory. But, if you are going to use an alternative structure please ensure that it enables you to present a clear and direct response to the question asked. In answering the essay question you must focus explicitly on the key issues identified in the question. Introduction: In this section you must provide an overview of your answer to the question; provide answers to the key what and why questions of your argument/answer. These should take the form of direct responses to the key issues raised by the question. Your argument should be informed by a critical analysis of the content of the key readings. Please keep in mind that in all sections of your response you must move past description to analysis, this means providing answers to the why questions that emerge from your key statements. Exploration of your argument: In this section of the essay you need to accomplish two tasks. First, you must explore the key perspectives showing how each is underpinned by different assumptions that determine the way organisations are interpreted and understood. You must also address the theoretical implications of these various ways of seeing and how they enable and limit our understanding of organisations. Second, having demonstrated an understanding of the perspectives and their theoretical implications you need to evaluate the different arguments for and against a multi-perspective approach to understanding organisations. This evaluation must draw on and relate to your discussion about the individual perspectives and how they enable and limit our understanding of organisations. The whole response must be informed by an engagement with relevant sources, especially the textbook and the readings provided on the Blackboard. You must draw upon and evaluate academic debates and arguments. This is not to be viewed as an exercise in which you make up a response off-the-top-of-your-head. Conclusion: You must conclude with your general answer to the question. It should reiterate the key argument and answer to the question provided in the introduction and indicate to what extent it has been supported or challenged by your analysis of the debates and arguments of other authors. ADDITIONAL GUIDENCE: – This essay question has been designed to encourage you to prepare your own individual essay. There is no single ‘right’ answer. Markers will be looking for evidence that you have read broadly, including the provided material, and have synthesised the material to develop your own answer/ argument. The markers will also expect you to answer the question in your own words. The following points are to help you to understand and complete your assignment: 1. The question asks you to compare and contrast perspectives with regards to how they enable and constrain our understanding of organisations. The focus for this comparison is on the perspectives’ meta-theoretical assumptions and how these shape their respective theories. This part of the essay allows you to demonstrate your understanding of the course material covered in weeks 1-4. 2. Do not try to cover every single detail; you only have 2000 words so concentrate on the major points rather than fine details. 3. The focus in this essay is on analysis rather than description. Any description of your chosen perspectives must form part of your analysis and must contribute to the argument that you are making in your essay. This means answering why questions and providing supporting evidence. 4. This is not an essay asking you to consider management practices or styles of management. It is asking you to focus on ‘ways of seeing’ and thinking about organisations (different perspectives) and ways of understanding and theorising about organisations. Think of yourself as a researcher (rather than manager) of an organisation and you have a range of devices you can use to study organisations. Each device provides you with the ability to learn something different about the organisation. Your job is to explain how each of the devices provides you with different ways of understanding organisations. Do not use actual organisations as examples because it is the theory that you are seeking to demonstrate an understanding of. 5. You must use the sources provided to develop your answer. They have been selected because they provide the essential material required to answer the question. You will lose marks if you fail to use them. 6. Before you begin to look for additional reading you should first acquire a good understanding of the basics from the textbook and the required readings. Once you acquire this understanding you can then look for other material. 7. You can make use of the Web sources but they need to be reliable sources- Wikipedia is not a reliable source of information. We encourage you to make use of journal articles which can be found via a range of library databases. I suggest you use Expanded Academic ASAP (Gale) database which is located through the Databases section of the library website because it allows you to search a range of journals using keywords. Some of the keywords you should consider are: organisational culture, power in organisations, organisational change, organisations and modernism, organisations and symbolic interpretivism, organisations and postmodernism, etc. You will find an enormous amount of relevant literature. You can also do author searches which can be helpful to locate recent articles by scholars mentioned in the textbook. We also encourage you to make use of the references and further reading suggested by the textbook at the end of each chapter. ‘Citation Linker’ found through the library website is a useful tool to locate some of the journal articles mentioned in the textbook. There is a lot of information out there regarding the topic. 8. Students are NOT allowed to use lecture notes as reference materials. 9. You should look at the assessment sheet found in the course guide. It will give you a feel for the sorts of things we will be assessing. 10. You should also look at the other part of the course guide which outlines the differences between the grades -i.e. what separates a ‘P’ from a ‘C’. A key point to remember in answering the questions is not to be overly descriptive. In answering the question you will need to develop an argument. An argument requires ‘expressing a point of view on a subject and supporting it with evidence’ (see http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/argument.html) The basic components of an argument include: * Making a claim (informed by relevant organisational theories) * Supporting your claim with evidence

AliciaMy Story essays

AliciaMy Story essays 1. Give a short summary of your book. (characters , conflict, complications, climaxes, resolutions) The story was mainly about Alicia Jurmans life during and after the Holocaust. In her life she had witnessed more trauma that we cant even imagine, such as her mother getting killed right in front of her. Thats not all, her whole family was killed during the holocaust. Her family cruelly wrenched from her, Alicia rescued other Jews from the Gestapo, led them to safe hide outs. She was only 13 when she began saving the lives of people she did not know. After the war Alicia continued to risk her life, leading Polish Jews on an under ground route to freedom in Palestine. I enjoyed this story a lot, but did not enjoy reading about the part where she tells about her mother getting killed, which kind of made me cry a little. After all that she had settled down and is mother of three grown children, living in California with her husband, and a writer and lecturer. Alicia Jurman had been 35 around the time she wrote this book. Before she had wrote this book she had gone around gr ade schools, high schools, colleges, synagogues, and churches letting people know what had actually had happened during the war. 2. List the characters in your book and label them antagonist (The principal character in opposition to the protagonist or hero of a narrative or drama.), protagonist (The main character in a drama or other literary work), confidante (A character in a drama or fiction, such as a trusted friend or servant, who serves as a device for revealing the inner thoughts or intentions of a main character), developing character, foil, and static (Stationary character). ALICIA JURMAN-She is the protagonist. She wrote this book and it is mainly about her life during and after the Holocaust. The Germans-The Germans can be considered the antagonist because they are the ones who had killed her family and her. They also tr...

Latin Names and Terms for Family Members

Latin Names and Terms for Family Members English kinship terms, although not completely transparent even to those who grew up using them, lack the complexity found in many other language systems. English speakers might struggle to determine whether someone is a cousin once removed or a second cousin, but we dont have to think twice about what the title is for a parents sister. It doesnt matter if the parent is the father or the mother: the name is the same: aunt.  In Latin, we would have to know whether the aunt is on the fathers side, an amita, or on the mothers, a matertera. This is not restricted to kinship terms. In terms of the sounds a language makes, there is a compromise made between ease of articulation and ease of understanding. In the realm of vocabulary, the ease might be the ease of memorizing a small number of specialized terms vs the need of others to know to whom youre referring. Sibling is more general than sister or brother. In English, we have both, but only those. In other languages, there might be a term for an older sister or younger brother and maybe none for a sibling, which could be considered too general to be useful.   For those who grew up speaking, for instance, Farsi or Hindi, this list may seem as it should be, but for us English speakers, it may take some time. soror, sororis, f. sisterfrater, fratris, m. brothermater, matris, f. motherpater, patris, m. fatheravia, -ae, f. grandmotheravus, -i, m. grandfatherproavia, -ae, f. great-grandmotherproavus, -i, m. great-grandfatherabavia, f. great-great-grandmotherabavus, m. great-great-grandfatheratavia, f. great-great-great-grandmotheratavus, m. great-great-great-grandfathernoverca, -ae. f. stepmothervitricus, -, m. stepfatherpatruus, -i, m. paternal unclepatruus magnus, m. paternal great-unclepropatruus, m. paternal great-great uncleavunculus, -i, m. maternal uncleavunculus magnus, m. maternal great-uncleproavunculus, m. maternal great-great uncleamita, -ae, f. paternal auntamita magna, f. paternal great auntproamita, f. paternal great-great auntmatertera, -ae, f. maternal auntmatertera magna, f. maternal great-auntpromatertera, f. maternal great-great-auntpatruelis, -is, m./f. paternal cousinsobrinus, -i, m. maternal boy cousinsobrina, -ae, f. maternal girl cousinvitrici filius/filia, m./f. pat ernal step-sibling ï » ¿novercae filius/filia, m./f. maternal step-siblingfilius, -i, m. sonfilia, -ae. f. daughterprivignus, -i, m. stepsonprivigna, -ae, f. stepdaughternepos, nepotis, m. grandsonneptis, neptis, f. grand-daughterabnepos/abneptis, m./f. great-grandson/great-granddaughteradnepos/adneptis, m./f. great-great-grandso/great-great-granddaughter Source Sandys, John Edwin, 1910. A Companion to Latin Studies. Cambridge University Press: London.

Organizational Structure of XYZ Department Store Term Paper

Organizational Structure of XYZ Department Store - Term Paper Example Marketing deals with the promotional activities, visual or audio displays, and public relations. As for the department of merchandising, there are tasks which deal which the monthly or yearly plan of stock along with the supervision, control, and budget for the stock. There are also financial responsibilities for dealing with the store accounts, debts, or credits. Lastly, there is an IT (Information Technology) department, which manages and looks after the necessary equipment and technology needed for the store (NAICCS). In a firm, the agent might have incentives for increasing their wellbeing at the expense of the principle, for which they might engage in activities like shirking or parking competition, which would go unnoticeable by the principals. When the incentives of principals and the agents are not aligned, there are agency problems, as in a firm, the principals engage an agent for the performance of some services (Zimmerman, 2009). However, this amount of behavior can be limited by the principals by giving the agent, through contracts, the appropriate incentives, and by incurring monitoring cost. It can also be guaranteed to avoid such problems by agents if they incur the bonding costs. If such actions occur, the principals will not be compensated. This may include purchasing insurance policies that they will have to pay to the principals. To increase the amount paid to them, the agents will be willing to incur these expenses. If the contract problems are too costly, they generally would not be sufficient for both the parties as the cost would not be sufficient to retain the agent from performing such activities (Zimmerman, 2009). Store Operations: There is management, which deals with all aspects including community engagement, hiring, and top talent development, along with delivering strong financial results and an exceptional customer experience.